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Bioturbation increases time averaging despite promoting shell disintegration: a test using anthropogenic gradients in sediment accumulation and burrowing on the southern California shelf

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2024

Adam Tomašových Open the ORCID record for Adam Tomašových [Opens in a new window] ,
Susan M. Kidwell ,
Ran Dai ,
Clark R. Alexander ,
Darrell S. Kaufman ,
Stewart Edie Open the ORCID record for Stewart Edie [Opens in a new window] ,
Jill S. Leonard-Pingel ,
Jesse E. McNinch ,
Thomas Parker  and
Heidi M. Wadman
Adam Tomašových*
Affiliation:
Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
Susan M. Kidwell
Affiliation:
Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A.
Ran Dai
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-4375, U.S.A.
Clark R. Alexander
Affiliation:
Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia, Savannah, Georgia 31411, U.S.A.
Darrell S. Kaufman
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, U.S.A.
Stewart Edie
Affiliation:
Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013, U.S.A.
Jill S. Leonard-Pingel
Affiliation:
Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A. School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University Newark, Newark, Ohio 43055, U.S.A.
Jesse E. McNinch
Affiliation:
Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, U.S.A.
Thomas Parker
Affiliation:
Marine Biology Laboratory, County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, Carson, California 90745, U.S.A.
Heidi M. Wadman
Affiliation:
Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, U.S.A.
*
Corresponding author: Adam Tomašových; Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Bioturbation can increase time averaging by downward and upward movements of young and old shells within the entire mixed layer and by accelerating the burial of shells into a sequestration zone (SZ), allowing them to bypass the uppermost taphonomically active zone (TAZ). However, bioturbation can increase shell disintegration concurrently, neutralizing the positive effects of mixing on time averaging. Bioirrigation by oxygenated pore-water promotes carbonate dissolution in the TAZ, and biomixing itself can mill shells weakened by dissolution or microbial maceration, and/or expose them to damage at the sediment–water interface. Here, we fit transition rate matrices to bivalve age–frequency distributions from four sediment cores from the southern California middle shelf (50–75 m) to assess the competing effects of bioturbation on disintegration and time averaging, exploiting a strong gradient in rates of sediment accumulation and bioturbation created by historic wastewater pollution. We find that disintegration covaries positively with mixing at all four sites, in accord with the scenario where bioturbation ultimately fuels carbonate disintegration. Both mixing and disintegration rates decline abruptly at the base of the 20- to 40-cm-thick, age-homogenized surface mixed layer at the three well-bioturbated sites, despite different rates of sediment accumulation. In contrast, mixing and disintegration rates are very low in the upper 25 cm at an effluent site with legacy sediment toxicity, despite recolonization by bioirrigating lucinid bivalves. Assemblages that formed during maximum wastewater emissions vary strongly in time averaging, with millennial scales at the low-sediment accumulation non-effluent sites, a centennial scale at the effluent site where sediment accumulation was high but bioturbation recovered quickly, and a decadal scale at the second high-sedimentation effluent site where bioturbation remained low for decades. Thus, even though disintegration rates covary positively with mixing rates, reducing postmortem shell survival, bioturbation has the net effect of increasing the time averaging of skeletal remains on this warm-temperate siliciclastic shelf.

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Paleobiology , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , August 2024 , pp. 424 - 451
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Paleontological Society

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