Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:29:47.140Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Performance characteristics and clinical utility of diagnostic criteria proposals in bereaved treatment-seeking patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2016

C. Mauro ,
M. K. Shear ,
C. F. Reynolds III ,
N. M. Simon ,
S. Zisook ,
N. Skritskaya ,
Y. Wang ,
B. Lebowitz ,
N. Duan  and
M. B. First
...Show all authors
C. Mauro
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
M. K. Shear*
Affiliation:
Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
C. F. Reynolds III
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Community and Behavioral Health Science, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
N. M. Simon
Affiliation:
Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
S. Zisook
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical and Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
N. Skritskaya
Affiliation:
Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
Y. Wang
Affiliation:
Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
B. Lebowitz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
N. Duan
Affiliation:
Division of Biostatistics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
M. B. First
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
A. Ghesquiere
Affiliation:
Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
C. Gribbin
Affiliation:
Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
K. Glickman
Affiliation:
Department of Social Work, York College/CUNY, Jamaica, NY, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: M. K. Shear, M.D., Columbia School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. (Email: [email protected]) A previous presentation of this research was given at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, 17 May 2015.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD) is a protracted form of grief included in DSM Section 3 indicating a need for more research. Two other criteria sets [prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and complicated grief (CG) disorder] are also currently in use by researchers. This study evaluates rates of diagnosis of each proposed criteria set in a clinical sample of bereaved individuals participating in clinical research.

Method

Two groups in which persistent grief was judged to be present or absent completed an assessment instrument that included items needed to diagnose PCBD as well as PGD and CG. One group included grief treatment-seeking participants in our multicenter National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-sponsored study who scored ⩾30 on the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) and the other comprised bereaved adults enrolled in clinical research studies who scored <20 on the ICG. Rates of diagnosis were determined for proposed PCBD, PGD and CG criteria.

Results

PCBD criteria diagnosed 70 [95% confidence interval (CI) 64.2–75.8] % of the grief treatment-seeking group, PGD criteria identified 59.6 (95% CI 53.4–65.8) % of these individuals and CG criteria identified 99.6 (95% CI 98.8–100.0) %. None of the three proposed criteria identified any cases in the bereaved comparison group.

Conclusions

Both proposed DSM-5 criteria for PCBD and criteria for PGD appear to be too restrictive as they failed to identify substantial numbers of treatment-seeking individuals with clinically significant levels of grief-related distress and impairment. Use of CG criteria or a similar algorithm appears to be warranted.

Keywords

Complicated griefDSM-5 criteriafunctional impairmentpersistent complex bereavement disorderstress
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 47 , Issue 4 , March 2017 , pp. 608 - 615
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bui, E, Mauro, C, Robinaugh, DJ, Skritskaya, NA, Wang, Y, Gribbin, C, Ghesquiere, A, Horenstein, A, Duan, N, Reynolds, C, Zisook, S, Simon, NM, Shear, MK (2015). The Structured Clinical Interview for Complicated Grief: reliability, validity, and exploratory factor analysis. Depression and Anxiety 32, 485–492.Google Scholar
Cozza, SJ, Fisher, JE, Mauro, C, Zhou, J, Ortiz, CD, Skritskaya, N, Wall, MM, Fullerton, CS, Ursano, RJ, Shear, MK (2016). Performance of DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder criteria in a community sample of bereaved military family members. American Journal of Psychiatry 173, 919–929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
First, MB (2016). Adopting a continuous improvement model for future DSM revisions. World Psychiatry 15, 223–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folstein, MF, Folstein, SE, McHugh, PR (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 12, 189–198.Google Scholar
Horowitz, MJ, Siegel, B, Holen, A, Bonanno, GA, Milbrath, C, Stinson, CH (1997). Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 904–910.Google Scholar
Kersting, A, Brahler, E, Glaesmer, H, Wagner, B (2011). Prevalence of complicated grief in a representative population-based sample. Journal of Affective Disorders 131, 339–343.Google Scholar
Luciano, M (2015). The ICD-11 beta draft is available online. World Psychiatry 14, 375–376.Google Scholar
Maercker, A, Brewin, CR, Bryant, RA, Cloitre, M, Van Ommeren, M, Jones, LM, Humayan, A, Kagee, A, Llosa, AE, Rousseau, C, Somasundaram, DJ, Souza, R, Suzuki, Y, Weissbecker, I, Wessely, SC, First, MB, Reed, GM (2013). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry 12, 198–206.Google Scholar
Marwit, SJ (1991). DSM-III-R, grief reactions, and a call for revision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 22, 75–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meert, KL, Shear, K, Newth, CJ, Harrison, R, Berger, J, Zimmerman, J, Anand, KJ, Carcillo, J, Donaldson, AE, Dean, JM, Willson, DF, Nicholson, C, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child H, Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research N (2011). Follow-up study of complicated grief among parents eighteen months after a child's death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Journal of Palliative Medicine 14, 207–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mundt, JC, Marks, IM, Shear, MK, Greist, JH (2002). The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. British Journal of Psychiatry 180, 461–464.Google Scholar
Nakajima, S, Shirai, A, Maki, S, Ishii, Y, Nagamine, M, Tatsuno, B, Konishi, S (2009). Mental health of the families of crime victims and factors related to their recovery. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 111, 423–429.Google Scholar
Nasreddine, ZS, Phillips, NA, Bedirian, V, Charbonneau, S, Whitehead, V, Collin, I, Cummings, JL, Chertkow, H (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 53, 695–699.Google Scholar
Prigerson, HG, Frank, E, Kasl, SV, Reynolds, CF III, Anderson, B, Zubenko, GS, Houck, PR, George, CJ, Kupfer, DJ (1995 a). Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 22–30.Google Scholar
Prigerson, HG, Horowitz, MJ, Jacobs, SC, Parkes, CM, Aslan, M, Goodkin, K, Raphael, B, Marwit, SJ, Wortman, C, Neimeyer, RA, Bonanno, G, Block, SD, Kissane, D, Boelen, P, Maercker, A, Litz, BT, Johnson, JG, First, MB, Maciejewski, PK (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prigerson, HG, Maciejewski, PK, Reynolds, CF III, Bierhals, AJ, Newsom, JT, Fasiczka, A, Frank, E, Doman, J, Miller, M (1995 b). Inventory of Complicated Grief: a scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research 59, 65–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prigerson, HG, Shear, MK, Jacobs, SC, Reynolds, CF III, Maciejewski, PK, Davidson, JR, Rosenheck, R, Pilkonis, PA, Wortman, CB, Williams, JB, Widiger, TA, Frank, E, Kupfer, DJ, Zisook, S (1999). Consensus criteria for traumatic grief. A preliminary empirical test. British Journal of Psychiatry 174, 67–73.Google Scholar
Shear, K, Frank, E, Houck, PR, Reynolds, CF III (2005). Treatment of complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293, 2601–2608.Google Scholar
Shear, KM, Jackson, CT, Essock, SM, Donahue, SA, Felton, CJ (2006). Screening for complicated grief among Project Liberty service recipients 18 months after September 11, 2001. Psychiatric Services 57, 1291–1297.Google Scholar
Shear, MK (2015). Clinical practice. Complicated grief. New England Journal of Medicine 372, 153–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shear, MK, Reynolds, CF III, Simon, NM, Zisook, S, Wang, Y, Mauro, C, Duan, N, Lebowitz, B, Skritskaya, N (2016). Optimizing treatment of complicated grief: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 685–694.Google Scholar
Shear, MK, Simon, N, Wall, M, Zisook, S, Neimeyer, R, Duan, N, Reynolds, C, Lebowitz, B, Sung, S, Ghesquiere, A, Gorscak, B, Clayton, P, Ito, M, Nakajima, S, Konishi, T, Melhem, N, Meert, K, Schiff, M, O'Connor, MF, First, M, Sareen, J, Bolton, J, Skritskaya, N, Mancini, AD, Keshaviah, A (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety 28, 103–117.Google Scholar
Shear, MK, Wang, Y, Skritskaya, N, Duan, N, Mauro, C, Ghesquiere, A (2014). Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 71, 1287–1295.Google Scholar
Simon, NM (2013). Treating complicated grief. JAMA 310, 416–423.Google Scholar
Simon, NM, Wall, MM, Keshaviah, A, Dryman, MT, Leblanc, NJ, Shear, MK (2011). Informing the symptom profile of complicated grief. Depression and Anxiety 28, 118–126.Google Scholar
Zisook, S, Shear, K (2009). Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know. World Psychiatry 8, 67–74.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Mauro supplementary material

Table S1

Download Mauro supplementary material(File)
File 71.7 KB