Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:35:37.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Obstetric complications and cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2022

Silvia Amoretti Open the ORCID record for Silvia Amoretti [Opens in a new window] ,
Francisco Diego Rabelo-da-Ponte Open the ORCID record for Francisco Diego Rabelo-da-Ponte [Opens in a new window] ,
Marina Garriga Open the ORCID record for Marina Garriga [Opens in a new window] ,
Maria Florencia Forte ,
Rafael Penadés Open the ORCID record for Rafael Penadés [Opens in a new window] ,
Eduard Vieta Open the ORCID record for Eduard Vieta [Opens in a new window] ,
Eduard Parellada Open the ORCID record for Eduard Parellada [Opens in a new window] ,
Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga Open the ORCID record for Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga [Opens in a new window] ,
Clarissa S. Gama  and
Norma Verdolini Open the ORCID record for Norma Verdolini [Opens in a new window]
...Show all authors
Silvia Amoretti
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
Francisco Diego Rabelo-da-Ponte
Affiliation:
Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Marina Garriga*
Affiliation:
Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Maria Florencia Forte
Affiliation:
Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Rafael Penadés
Affiliation:
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Eduard Vieta
Affiliation:
Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Eduard Parellada
Affiliation:
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Clarissa S. Gama
Affiliation:
Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Norma Verdolini
Affiliation:
Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Byron Bitanihirwe
Affiliation:
Centre for Global Health, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Department of Psychology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
Clemente Garcia-Rizo
Affiliation:
Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
*
Author for correspondence: Marina Garriga, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex brain disorder linked to cognitive and neurostructural abnormalities that involves genetic and environmental factors with obstetric complications (OCs) at birth conferring a high risk for the disease. Indeed, current research in the general population describes the deleterious effect of OCs on cognitive performance in adulthood. With this rationale, we aim to review the relationship between OCs and cognition in SZ and related psychotic disorders.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis describing cognitive function and OCs in patients with SZ and related disorders were conducted. PubMed, EmBase, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched to identify eligible studies up to January 2022. We calculated the effect sizes (Hedges' g) of cognitive domains within each study and quantified the proportion of between-study variability using the I2 statistic. Homogeneity was assessed using the Q-statistic (X2). The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018094238).

Results

A total of 4124 studies were retrieved, with 10 studies meeting inclusion criteria for the systematic review and eight for meta-analysis. SZ subjects with OCs showed poor verbal memory [Hedges' g = −0.89 (95% CI −1.41 to −0.37), p < 0.001] and working memory performance [Hedges' g = −1.47 (95% CI −2.89 to −0.06), p = 0.01] in a random-effect model compared to those without OCs.

Conclusions

OCs appear to have a moderate impact on specific cognitive such as working memory and verbal memory. Our findings suggest that OCs are associated with brain development and might underlie the cognitive abnormalities described at onset of psychosis.

Keywords

Cognitiondevelopmental origins of health and diseaseneurocognitive profileobstetric complicationspsychosisschizophrenia
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 52 , Issue 14 , October 2022 , pp. 2874 - 2884
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

These authors contributed equally to the presented work.

References

Al-Qaraghouli, M., & Fang, Y. M. V. (2017). Effect of fetal sex on maternal and obstetric outcomes. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 19(5), 144. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altman, D. G. (1991). Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Altman, D. G., Machin, D., Bryant, T. N., & Gardner, M. J. (2000). Statistics with confidence (2nd edn, pp. 31–32). London: British Medical Journal Books.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (American Psychiatric Publishing, Ed.), (5th Edn, p. 991). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Google Scholar
Anastario, M., Salafia, C. M., Fitzmaurice, G., & Goldstein, J. M. (2012). Impact of fetal versus perinatal hypoxia on sex differences in childhood outcomes: Developmental timing matters. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(3), 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0353-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron, I. S., & Rey-Casserly, C. (2010). Extremely preterm birth outcome: A review of four decades of cognitive research. Neuropsychology Review, 20(4), 430–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9132-z.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedet, M. J., & Alexandre, M. A. (1998). Test de Aprendizaje Verbal España-Complutense (TAVEC) (TEA, Ed.). Madrid.Google Scholar
Bock, J., Wainstock, T., Braun, K., & Segal, M. (2015). Stress in utero: Prenatal programming of brain plasticity and cognition. Biological Psychiatry, 78(5), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., & Murray, R. M. (2014). Meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in ultra-high risk to psychosis and first-episode psychosis: Do the cognitive deficits progress over, or after, the onset of psychosis? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(4), 744–755. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borkowska, A., & Rybakowski, J. K. (2002). Does risperidone act better in schizophrenic patients who have a family or obstetric history? Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 26(7–8), 1349–1353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowie, C. R., & Harvey, P. D. (2006). Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2(4), 531–536. https://doi.org/10.2147/nedt.2006.2.4.531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bozikas, V. P., & Andreou, C. (2011). Longitudinal studies of cognition in first episode psychosis: A systematic review of the literature. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(2), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.541418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, A. S. (2006). Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(2), 200–202. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, A. S., Vinogradov, S., Kremen, W. S., Poole, J. H., Bao, Y., Kern, D., & McKeague, I. W. (2011). Association of maternal genital and reproductive infections with verbal memory and motor deficits in adult schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 188(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, A. S., Vinogradov, S., Kremen, W. S., Poole, J. H., Deicken, R. F., Penner, J. D., … Schaefer, C. A. (2009). Prenatal exposure to maternal infection and executive dysfunction in adult schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(6), 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, M., Jones, P. B., & Murray, R. M. (2002). Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: Historical and meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1080–1092. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conners, C. (2002). CPT-II. Continuous Performance Test II (MHS, Ed.). Canada.Google Scholar
Corral, S., Arribas, D., Santamaría, P., Sueiro, M.J., & Pereña, J. (2005). Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler para niños-IV. TEA Ediciones.Google Scholar
Costas, A., Garcia-Rizo, C., Bitanihirwe, B. K. Y., & Penades, R. (2020). Obstetric complications and brain imaging in schizophrenia: A systematic review. Biological Psychiatry, 5(12), 1077–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.018.Google Scholar
Coubard, O. A. (2015). Attention is complex: Causes and effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, M., Reichenberg, A., Rabinowitz, J., Weiser, M., Kaplan, Z., & Mark, M. (1999). Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(9), 1328–1335. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.9.1328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, C., Segre, G., Estradé, A., Radua, J., De Micheli, A., Provenzani, U., … Fusar-Poli, P. (2020). Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(5), 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30057-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1987). California Verbal Learning Test. Research Edition Manual. (Psychological Corporation., Ed.). New York.Google Scholar
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drevon, D., Fursa, S. R., & Malcolm, A. L. (2017). Intercoder reliability and validity of WebPlotDigitizer in Extracting Graphed Data. Behavior Modification, 41(2), 323–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445516673998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellman, L. M., Murphy, S. K., Maxwell, S. D., Calvo, E. M., Cooper, T., Schaefer, C. A., … Brown, A. S. (2019). Maternal cortisol during pregnancy and offspring schizophrenia: Influence of fetal sex and timing of exposure. Schizophrenia Research, 213, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellman, L. M., Yolken, R. H., Buka, S. L., Torrey, E. F., & Cannon, T. D. (2009). Cognitive functioning prior to the onset of psychosis: The role of fetal exposure to serologically determined influenza infection. Biological Psychiatry, 65(12), 1040–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faerden, A., Barrett, E. A., Nesvåg, R., Friis, S., Finset, A., Marder, S. R., … Melle, I. (2013). Apathy, poor verbal memory and male gender predict lower psychosocial functioning one year after the first treatment of psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 210(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fett, A. K. J., Viechtbauer, W., de Dominguez, M. G., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2010.07.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flensborg-Madsen, T., & Mortensen, E. L. (2017). Birth weight and intelligence in young adulthood and midlife. Pediatrics, 139(6), e20163161. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-3161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Rizo, C., & Bitanihirwe, B. K. Y. (2020). Implications of early life stress on fetal metabolic programming of schizophrenia: A focus on epiphenomena underlying morbidity and early mortality. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 101, 109910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Rizo, C., Fernandez-Egea, E., Bernardo, M., & Kirkpatrick, B. (2015). The thrifty psychiatric phenotype. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 131(1), 18–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gee, D. G., & Casey, B. J. (2015). The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery. Neurobiology of Stress, 1, 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.02.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilvarry, C., Takei, N., Russell, A., Rushe, T., Hemsley, D., & Murray, R. M. (2000). Premorbid IQ in patients with functional psychosis and their first-degree relatives. Schizophrenia Research, 41(3), 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00092-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilvarry, C. M., Russell, A., Jones, P., Sham, P., Hemsley, D., & Murray, R. M. (2001). Verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia and affective psychoses and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 31(4), 695–704. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701003816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gluckman, P. D., & Hanson, M. A. (2006). Developmental origins of health and disease. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop Color and Word Test. A manual for clinical and experimental uses. (S. Company., Ed.). Illinois.Google Scholar
Graignic-Philippe, R., Dayan, J., Chokron, S., Jacquet, A. Y., & Tordjman, S. (2014). Effects of prenatal stress on fetal and child development: A critical literature review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 43, 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. A. (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(4), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Braff, D. L., & Mintz, J. (2000). Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the “right stuff”? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hambrecht, M., Lammertink, M., Klosterkötter, J., Matuschek, E., & Pukrop, R. (2002). Subjective and objective neuropsychological abnormalities in a psychosis prodrome clinic. British Journal of Psychiatry, 43, s30–s37. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.43.s30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, M. A., & Gluckman, P. D. (2014). Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: Physiology or pathophysiology? Physiological Reviews, 94(4), 1027–1076. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00029.2013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, K. A., Addington, J., Keefe, R. S. E., Christensen, B., Perkins, D. O., Zipurksy, R., … McGlashan, T. H. (2004). Neuropsychological status of subjects at high risk for a first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 67(2-3), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. (A. Press., Ed.). San Diego, CA.Google Scholar
Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., Welch, V. A. (editors) (2019). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of Interventions (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 327, 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holthausen, E. A. E., Wiersma, D., Sitskoorn, M. M., Hijman, R., Dingemans, P. M., Schene, A. H., & van den Bosch, R. J. (2002). Schizophrenic patients without neuropsychological deficits: Subgroup, disease severity or cognitive compensation? Psychiatry Research, 112(1), 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubacher, M., Weiland, M., Calabrese, P., Stoppe, G., Stöcklin, M., Fischer-Barnicol, D., … Penner, I.-K. (2013). Working memory training in patients with chronic schizophrenia: A pilot study. Psychiatry Journal, 2013, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/154867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insel, T. R. (2010). Rethinking schizophrenia. Nature, 468(7321), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keefe, R. S., & Fenton, W. S. (2007). How should DSM-V criteria for schizophrenia include cognitive impairment? Schizophr Bulletin, 33(4), 912–920. https://doi.org/sbm046 [pii] 10.1093/schbul/sbm046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khashan, A. S., Abel, K. M., McNamee, R., Pedersen, M. G., Webb, R. T., Baker, P. N., … Mortensen, P. B. (2008). Higher risk of offspring schizophrenia following antenatal maternal exposure to severe adverse life events. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(2), 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowles, E. E. M., David, A. S., & Reichenberg, A. (2010). Processing speed deficits in schizophrenia: Reexamining the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 828–835. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09070937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krugers, H. J., & Joëls, M. (2014). Long-lasting consequences of early life stress on brain structure, emotion and cognition. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 18, 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2014_289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lencz, T., Smith, C. W., Mclaughlin, D., Auther, A., Nakayama, E., Hovey, L., & Cornblatt, B. A. (2006). Generalized and specific neurocognitive deficits in prodromal schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 59(9), 863–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macleod, C. M. (1991). Psychological bulletin half a century of research on the stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163–203. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathewson, K. J., Chow, C. H. T., Dobson, K. G., Pope, E. I., Schmidt, L. A., & Van Lieshout, R. J. (2017). Mental health of extremely low birth weight survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 143(4), 347–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mezquida, G., Fernández-Egea, E., Treen, D., Mané, A., Bergé, D., Savulich, G., … García-Rizo, C. (2021). Difficulties in delivery and depressive symptomatology in schizophrenia. Revista de Psiquiatria y Salud Mental, 14(1), 66–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2019.12.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mezquida, G., Fernandez-Egea, E., Treen, D., Mané, A., Bergé, D., Savulich, G., … Garcia-Rizo, C. (2018). Obstetric phenotypes in the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(11), 882–886. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLos Medicine, 6(7), e20163161. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, H. E. (1982). National Adult Reading Test (NART): For the assessment of premorbid intelligence in patients with dementia: Test manual. (NFER-Nelson., Ed.). Windsor.Google Scholar
Ochoa, S., Huerta-Ramos, E., Barajas, A., Iniesta, R., Dolz, M., Baños, I., … Usall, J. (2013). Cognitive profiles of three clusters of patients with a first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 150(1), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'donnell, K. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2017). Fetal origins of mental health: The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(4), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, S., & Gooding, D. C. (2014). Working memory impairment as an endophenotypic marker of a schizophrenia diathesis. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 1(3), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2014.09.005.Google ScholarPubMed
Penadés, R., & Gastó, C. (2010). El tratamiento de rehabilitación neurocognitiva en la esquizofrenia (E. Herder, Ed.). Barcelona.Google Scholar
Puig, O., Penadés, R., Gastó, C., Catalán, R., Torres, A., & Salamero, M. (2008). Verbal memory, negative symptomatology and prediction of psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 158(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.04.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radua, J., Ramella-Cravaro, V., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Reichenberg, A., Phiphopthatsanee, N., Amir, T., … Fusar-Poli, P. (2018). What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors. World Psychiatry, 17, 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1995). Category test and trail-making test as measures of frontal lobe functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854049508402057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sánchez-Torres, A. M., Moreno-Izco, L., Lorente-Omeñaca, R., Cabrera, B., Lobo, A., González-Pinto, A. M., … Balanzá-Martínez, V. (2018). Individual trajectories of cognitive performance in first episode psychosis: A 2-year follow-up study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 268(7), 699–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-017-0857-z.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheffield, J. M., Karcher, N. R., & Barch, D. M. (2018). Cognitive deficits in psychotic disorders: A lifespan perspective. Neuropsychology Review, 28(4), 509. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11065-018-9388-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stålnacke, S. R., Tessma, M., Böhm, B., & Herlenius, E. (2019). Cognitive development trajectories in preterm children with very low birth weight longitudinally followed until 11 years of age. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thurstone, L. L. (1938). Primary mental abilities (p. 116). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tolman, A. W., & Kurtz, M. M. (2012). Neurocognitive predictors of objective and subjective quality of life in individuals with schizophrenia: A meta-analytic investigation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(2), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torniainen, M., Wegelius, A., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Lonnqvist, J., Suvisaari, J., Lönnqvist, J., … Suvisaari, J. (2013). Both low birthweight and high birthweight are associated with cognitive impairment in persons with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 43(11), 2361–2367. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Winkel, R., Myin-Germeys, I., De Hert, M., Delespaul, P., Peuskens, J., & Van Os, J. (2007). The association between cognition and functional outcome in first-episode patients with schizophrenia: Mystery resolved? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01014.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D. (1997). Weschsler adult intelligence scale-III. In San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wells, G., Shea, B., O'Connell, D., & Peterson, J. (2000). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses.Google Scholar
Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Kinney, D. (1993). Patterns of neuropsychological deficits that discriminate schizophrenic individuals from siblings and control subjects. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 5(3), 294–300. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.5.3.294.Google ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Amoretti et al. supplementary material

Amoretti et al. supplementary material 1

Download Amoretti et al. supplementary material(File)
File 28.6 KB
Supplementary material: File

Amoretti et al. supplementary material

Amoretti et al. supplementary material 2

Download Amoretti et al. supplementary material(File)
File 22.1 KB
Supplementary material: File

Amoretti et al. supplementary material

Amoretti et al. supplementary material 3

Download Amoretti et al. supplementary material(File)
File 12.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Amoretti et al. supplementary material

Amoretti et al. supplementary material 4

Download Amoretti et al. supplementary material(File)
File 62.6 KB