Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T14:22:08.820Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Evolution, Mobility, and Ethnic Group Formation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

David Goetze*
Affiliation:
Utah State University, USA
Get access

Abstract

By drawing on ideas developed in evolutionary psychology, this article attempts to contribute to improved understanding of ethnic group formation and change. Specifically, the article asks whether and to what degree evolved mental capacities and dispositions, in interaction with human social environments, account for ethnic group formation. The central arguments are that, in recent millennia, evolved reasoning capabilities of humans have led to a revolution in the technologies of human mobility—and that this development has severed the nearly perfect association between social group formation based on functional advantages and social group formation based on perceived kinship. The scale, composition, and durability of contemporary ethnic groups are the consequence of individual tradeoffs in functionality and kinship values.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Banton, M. (1983). Racial and Ethnic Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Banton, M. (1995). “Rational Choice Theories.” American Behavioral Scientist 38:478–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, R., Hanley, J., and Orbell, J. (1997). “Designing a Political Robot.” Paper presented at Workshop on Evolution and Its Critiques: Towards Improved Understanding of Ethnic Conflict. Logan, Utah, April.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (1976). Social Psychology and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Billig, M. and Tajfel, H. (1973). “Social Categorization and Similarity in Intergroup Behavior.” European Journal of Social Psychology 3:2752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, P.R. (1991). Ethnicity and Nationalism. New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Brewer, M.B. (1979). “Ingroup Bias in the Minimal Intergroup Situation: A Cognitive-Motivational Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 86:307–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D.M. (1995). “Evolutionary Psychology: A New Paradigm for Psychological Science.” Psychological Inquiry 6:130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlin, N.F. and Holldobler, B. (1983). “Nestmate and Kin Recognition in Interspecific Mixed Colonies of Ants.” Science 222:1027–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carment, D. and James, P. (1995). “Internal Constraints and Ethnic Conflict: Toward a Crisis Based Model of Irredentism.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:82109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Menozzi, P., and Piazza, A. (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Connor, W. (1993). “Beyond Reason: The Nature of the Ethnonational Bond.” Racial and Ethnic Studies 16:373–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, M. and Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google ScholarPubMed
Diamond, J. (1992). The Third Chimpanzee. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Dubetsky, A. (1976). “Kinship, Primordial Ties, and Factory Organization in Turkey: An Anthropological View.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 7:433–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1989). Human Ethology. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Esman, M.J. (1994). Ethnic Politics. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, R. (1988). Passions Within Reason. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1963). “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States.” In The Interpretation of Culture: Selected Essays by Clifford Geertz. 1973. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Grosby, S. (1994). “The Verdict of History: The Inexpungeable Tie of Primordiality: A Response to Eller and Coughlan.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 17:164–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, W.D. (1964). “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, R. (1995). One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, L.A. and Gelman, S.A. (1994). Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, W. and Sherman, P.W. (1983). “Kin Recognition in Animals.” American Scientist 71:4655.Google Scholar
Horowitz, D.L. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Isaacs, H. (1975). Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Johnson, G.R. (1986). “Kin Selection, Socialization, and Patriotism: An Integrating Theory.” Politics and the Life Sciences 4:127–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, R.D. (1989). The Nature of Politics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, R.D. (1993). “On the Evolution of Political Communities: The Paradox of Eastern and Western Europe in the 1990s.” In McGuire, M.T. (ed.), Human Nature and the New Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
McGarry, J. and O'Leary, B. (1993). “Introduction: The Macro-Political Regulation of Ethnic Conflict.” In McGarry, J. and O'Leary, B. (eds.), The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McKay, J. (1982). “An Exploratory Synthesis of Primordial and Mobilizationist Approaches to Ethnic Phenomena.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 5:395420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meadwell, H. (1989). “Cultural and Instrumental Approaches to Ethnic Nationalism.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 12:309–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, E.M. (1994). “Tracing the Genetic History of Modern Man.” Mankind Quarterly 35:71108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morikawa, T., Orbell, J.M., and Runde, A.S. (1995). “The Advantage of Being Moderately Cooperative.” American Political Science Review 89:601–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagata, J. (1981). “In Defense of Ethnic Boundaries: The Changing Myths and Charters of Malay Identity.” In Keyes, C.F. (ed.), Ethnic Change. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, J. (1995). “Resource Competition Theories.” American Behavioral Scientist 38:442–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okamura, J.Y. (1991). “Situational Ethnicity.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 4:452–63.Google Scholar
Orbell, J. and Dawes, R. (1991). “A Cognitive Miser Theory of Cooperators Advantage.” American Political Science Review 85:515–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orbell, J. and Dawes, R. (1993). “Social Welfare, Cooperators' Advantage, and the Option of Not Playing the Game.” American Sociological Review 58:787800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, R.H., Matochik, J.A., and Makin, J.W. (1983). “Evidence for Phenotype Matching in Spiny Mice (Acomys Cahirinus).” Animal Behavior 31:978–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, M.H. (1991). “The Role of Evolution in Ethnocentric Conflict and Its Management.” Journal of Social Issues 47:167–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushton, J.P. (1989). “Genetic Similarity, Human Altruism, and Group Selection.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:503–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salter, F. (1997). “Ethnic Infrastructures: An Ethological Approach to Ethnic Competition.” Paper presented at Workshop on Evolution and Its Critiques: Towards a Greater Understanding of Ethnic Conflict. Logan, Utah, April.Google Scholar
Scott, G.M. Jr. (1990). “A Resynthesis of the Primordial and Circumstantial Approaches to Ethnic Group Solidarity: Towards an Explanatory Model.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 13:147–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, R.P. and Wong, Y. (1989). The Genetic Seeds of Warfare. Boston: Allen Unwin.Google Scholar
Sherif, M. and Hovland, C.I. (1961). Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Shils, E.A. (1957). “Primordial, Personal, Sacred, and Civil Ties.” In Center and Periphery: Essays in Macrosociology. Selected Papers of Edward Shils. Volume II. 1975. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1986). The Ethnic Origin of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Spicer, E. (1971). “Persistent Identity Systems.” Science 4011:795800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stack, J.F. Jr. (1986). “Ethnic Mobilization in World Politics: The Primordial Perspective.” In Stack, J. F. Jr. (ed.), The Primordial Challenge: Ethnicity in the Contemporary World. New York: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Tooby, J. and Cosmides, L. (1992). “The Psychological Foundations of Culture.” In Barkow, J.H., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (eds.), The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1971). “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.” Quarterly Review of Biology 46:3557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. (1985). Social Evolution. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.Google Scholar
van den Berghe, P.L. (1981). The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Elsevier North Holland.Google Scholar
Wright, R. (1994). The Moral Animal. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar