Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T10:39:43.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Understanding opposition to human gene editing

A role for pathogen disgust sensitivity?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

Isaac Halstead*
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway University of London
Gary J. Lewis*
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway University of London
*
Corresponding authors: Isaac Halstead, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected]; Gary J. Lewis, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected].
Corresponding authors: Isaac Halstead, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected]; Gary J. Lewis, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected].
Get access

Abstract

Recent advances in gene editing technology promise much for medical advances and human well-being. However, in parallel domains, there have been objections to the use of such biotechnologies. Moreover, the psychological factors that govern the willingness to use gene editing technology have been underexplored to date. In this registered report, we sought to test whether pathogen disgust sensitivity is linked with opposition to gene editing. U.K.-based adult participants (N = 347) were recruited to this study. Gene editing attitudes reflected two largely distinct latent factors concerning enhancing human traits and treating medical disorders. In contrast to prediction, pathogen disgust sensitivity was related to greater support for gene editing in both of these domains. This result suggests that gene editing, at least in the current study, is not viewed as pathogenic, or that the perceived benefits of gene editing outweigh any perceived pathogen risk.

Type
Article
Copyright
© Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aharoni, R., & Hertz, M. M. (2012). Disgust sensitivity and anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 20(2), 106110. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1124CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blais, A.-R., & Weber, E. U. (2006). A Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations. Judgment and Decision Making, 1(1), 3347.Google Scholar
Brosig, S., & Bavorova, M. (2019). Association of attitudes towards genetically modified food among young adults and their referent persons. PLOS ONE, 14(2), e0211879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211879CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calnan, M., Montaner, D., & Horne, R. (2005). How acceptable are innovative health-care technologies? A survey of public beliefs and attitudes in England and Wales. Social Science & Medicine, 60(9), 19371948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.058CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clifford, S., & Wendell, D. G. (2016). How disgust influences health purity attitudes. Political Behavior, 38(1), 155178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9310-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Critchley, C., Nicol, D., Bruce, G., Walshe, J., Treleaven, T., & Tuch, B. (2019). Predicting public attitudes toward gene editing of germlines: The impact of moral and hereditary concern in human and animal applications. Frontiers in Genetics, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00704CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feng, W., Liu, H.-K., & Kawauchi, D. (2018). CRISPR-engineered genome editing for the next generation neurological disease modeling. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 81, 459467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald‐Butt, S. M., Bodine, A., Fry, K. M., Ash, J., Zaidi, A. N., Garg, V., Gerhardt, C. A., & McBride, K. L. (2016). Measuring genetic knowledge: A brief survey instrument for adolescents and adults. Clinical Genetics, 89(2), 235243. https://doi.org/10.1111/cge.12618CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaskell, G., Bard, I., Allansdottir, A., da Cunha, R. V., Eduard, P., Hampel, J., Hildt, E., Hofmaier, C., Kronberger, N., Laursen, S., Meijknecht, A., Nordal, S., Quintanilha, A., Revuelta, G., Saladié, N., Sándor, J., Santos, J. B., Seyringer, S., Singh, I., … Zwart, H. (2017). Public views on gene editing and its uses. Nature Biotechnology, 35(11), 10211023. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3958CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gignac, G. E., & Szodorai, E. T. (2016). Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 7478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendriks, S., Giesbertz, N. A. A., Bredenoord, A. L., & Repping, S. (2018). Reasons for being in favour of or against genome modification: A survey of the Dutch general public. Human Reproduction Open, 2018(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoy008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imaizumi, S., Furuno, M., Hibino, H., & Koyama, S. (2016). Trypophobia is predicted by disgust sensitivity, empathic traits, and visual discomfort. SpringerPlus, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3149-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., & Bloom, P. (2009). Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals. Cognition & Emotion, 23(4), 714725. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802110007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 307337. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koleva, S. P., Graham, J., Iyer, R., Ditto, P. H., & Haidt, J. (2012). Tracing the threads: How five moral concerns (especially purity) help explain culture war attitudes. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(2), 184194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, G. J. (2018). Early-childhood conduct problems predict economic and political discontent in adulthood: Evidence from two large, longitudinal UK cohorts. Psychological Science, 29(5), 711722. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617742159CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, G. J., & Bates, T. C. (2013). Common genetic influences underpin religiosity, community integration, and existential uncertainty. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(4), 398405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.03.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, D. L., Tybur, J. M., & Latner, J. D. (2012). Disgust sensitivity, obesity stigma, and gender: Contamination psychology predicts weight bias for women, not men. Obesity, 20(9), 18031814. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCaughey, T., Budden, D. M., Sanfilippo, P. G., Gooden, G. E. C., Fan, L., Fenwick, E., Rees, G., MacGregor, C., Si, L., Chen, C., Liang, H. H., Pébay, A., Baldwin, T., & Hewitt, A. W. (2019). A need for better understanding is the major determinant for public perceptions of human gene editing. Human Gene Therapy, 30(1), 3643. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2018.033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCaughey, T., Sanfilippo, P. G., Gooden, G. E. C., Budden, D. M., Fan, L., Fenwick, E., Rees, G., MacGregor, C., Si, L., Chen, C., Liang, H. H., Baldwin, T., Pébay, A., & Hewitt, A. W. (2016). A global social media survey of attitudes to human genome editing. Cell Stem Cell, 18(5), 569572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadelson, L., Jorcyk, C., Yang, D., Jarratt Smith, M., Matson, S., Cornell, K., & Husting, V. (2014). I just don’t trust them: The development and validation of an assessment instrument to measure trust in science and scientists: Trust in science and scientists. School Science and Mathematics, 114(2), 7686. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olatunji, B. O., Williams, N. L., Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., & Elwood, L. S. (2007). The Disgust Scale: Item analysis, factor structure, and suggestions for refinement. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 281297. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.281CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oreg, S. (2003). Resistance to change: Developing an individual differences measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 680693. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.680CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oude Blenke, E., Evers, M. J. W., Mastrobattista, E., & van der Oost, J. (2016). CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing: Delivery aspects and therapeutic potential. Journal of Controlled Release, 244, 139148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pivetti, M. (2007). Natural and unnatural: Activists’ representations of animal biotechnology. New Genetics and Society, 26(2), 137157. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636770701466840Google Scholar
Robillard, J. M., Roskams-Edris, D., Kuzeljevic, B., & Illes, J. (2014). Prevailing public perceptions of the ethics of gene therapy. Human Gene Therapy, 25(8), 740746. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2014.030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2011). Allport’s prejudiced personality today: Need for closure as the motivated cognitive basis of prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(6), 349354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411424894CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozin, P., Millman, L., & Nemeroff, C. (1986). Operation of the laws of sympathetic magic in disgust and other domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50(4), 703712. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanyal, M., McAuliffe, W. H. B., & Curry, O. S. (2019). Gross values: Investigating the role of disgust in bioethics. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hyfwzCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2011). The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 99103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411402596CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, S. E., Inbar, Y., & Rozin, P. (2016). Evidence for absolute moral opposition to genetically modified food in the United States. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(3), 315324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615621275Google ScholarPubMed
Siegrist, M., Sütterlin, B., & Hartmann, C. (2018). Perceived naturalness and evoked disgust influence acceptance of cultured meat. Meat Science, 139, 213219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.02.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117143. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tenbült, P., de Vries, N. K., Dreezens, E., & Martijn, C. (2005). Perceived naturalness and acceptance of genetically modified food. Appetite, 45(1), 4750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2005.03.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terrizzi, J. A., Shook, N. J., & McDaniel, M. A. (2013). The behavioral immune system and social conservatism: A meta-analysis. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(2), 99108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.10.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tybur, J. M., Bryan, A. D., Lieberman, D., Caldwell Hooper, A. E., & Merriman, L. A. (2011). Sex differences and sex similarities in disgust sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 343348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tybur, J. M., Inbar, Y., Güler, E., & Molho, C. (2015). Is the relationship between pathogen avoidance and ideological conservatism explained by sexual strategies? Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(6), 489497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.01.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2009). Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 103122. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015474CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisberg, S. M., Badgio, D., & Chatterjee, A. (2017). A CRISPR new world: Attitudes in the public toward innovations in human genetic modification. Frontiers in Public Health, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00117Google ScholarPubMed
Wilks, M., & Phillips, C. J. C. (2017). Attitudes to in vitro meat: A survey of potential consumers in the United States. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171904. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171904Google ScholarPubMed
Wink, P., Ciciolla, L., Dillon, M., & Tracy, A. (2007). Religiousness, spiritual seeking, and personality: Findings from a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality, 75(5), 10511070. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00466.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiang, L., Xiao, L., Gou, Z., Li, M., Zhang, W., Wang, H., & Feng, P. (2015). Survey of attitudes and ethical concerns related to gene therapy among medical students and postgraduates in China. Human Gene Therapy, 26(12), 841849. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2015.113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Halstead and Lewis supplementary material

Halstead and Lewis supplementary material

Download Halstead and Lewis supplementary material(File)
File 21.6 KB