Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:45:07.610Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Toward a Two-Dimensional Model of Social Cognition in Clinical Neuropsychology: A Systematic Review of Factor Structure Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2017

Aurore Etchepare  and
Antoinette Prouteau
Aurore Etchepare
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Psychology EA 4139, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Antoinette Prouteau*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Psychology EA 4139, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France Department of Adult Psychiatry, Jonzac Hospital, Domaine des Fossés, St Martial de Vitaterne, France
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Antoinette Prouteau, Psychology Department, University of Bordeaux, 3 ter place de la Victoire, 33 000 Bordeaux, France. E-mail: [email protected]/
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective: Social cognition has received growing interest in many conditions in recent years. However, this construct still suffers from a considerable lack of consensus, especially regarding the dimensions to be studied and the resulting methodology of clinical assessment. Our review aims to clarify the distinctiveness of the dimensions of social cognition. Method: Based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements, a systematic review was conducted to explore the factor structure of social cognition in the adult general and clinical populations. Results: The initial search provided 441 articles published between January 1982 and March 2017. Eleven studies were included, all conducted in psychiatric populations and/or healthy participants. Most studies were in favor of a two-factor solution. Four studies drew a distinction between low-level (e.g., facial emotion/prosody recognition) and high-level (e.g., theory of mind) information processing. Four others reported a distinction between affective (e.g., facial emotion/prosody recognition) and cognitive (e.g., false beliefs) information processing. Interestingly, attributional style was frequently reported as an additional separate factor of social cognition. Conclusions: Results of factor analyses add further support for the relevance of models differentiating level of information processing (low- vs. high-level) from nature of processed information (affective vs. cognitive). These results add to a significant body of empirical evidence from developmental, clinical research and neuroimaging studies. We argue the relevance of integrating low- versus high-level processing with affective and cognitive processing in a two-dimensional model of social cognition that would be useful for future research and clinical practice. (JINS, 2018, 24, 391–404)

Keywords

AssessmentEmotionTheory of mindFacial emotion recognitionSocial perceptionAlexithymia
Type
Critical Reviews
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 24 , Issue 4 , April 2018 , pp. 391 - 404
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Akel, A., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. (2011). Neuroanatomical and neurochemical bases of theory of mind. Neuropsychologia, 49(11), 2971–2984. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, J., & Piskulic, D. (2011). Social cognition and functional outcome are separate domains in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 127(1–3), 262–263. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.005 Google Scholar
Addington, J., & Piskulic, D. (2013). Social cognition early in the course of the illness. In D.L. Roberts & D.L. Penn (Eds.), Social cognition in schizophrenia: From evidence to treatment (pp. 245–262). Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adolphs, R. (1999). Social cognition and the human brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(12), 469–479. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01399-6 Google Scholar
Adolphs, R. (2001). The neurobiology of social cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 11(2), 231–239. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00202-6 Google Scholar
Adolphs, R. (2009). The social brain: Neural basis of social knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 693–716. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514 Google Scholar
Adolphs, R. (2010). Conceptual challenges and directions for social neuroscience. Neuron, 65(6), 752–767. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.006 Google Scholar
American Psychological Association. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. American Psychologist, 61(4), 271–285. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.271 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apperly, I.A., & Butterfill, S.A. (2009). Do humans have two systems to track beliefs and belief-like states? Psychological Review, 116(4), 953–970. doi: 10.1037/a0016923 Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., & Taylor, G.J. (1997). Affect dysregulation and alexithymia. In G.J. Taylor, R.M. Bagby & J.D.A. Parker (Eds.), Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness (pp. 26–45). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bakker, M., Hartgerink, C.H.J., Wicherts, J.M., & van der Maas, H.L.J. (2016). Researchers intuitions about power in psychological research. Psychological Science, 27(8), 1069–1077. doi: 10.1177/0956797616647519 Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of mind and autism: A review. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 23, 169–184. doi: 10.1016/S0074-7750(00)80010-5 Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A.M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21(1), 37–46. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., O’Riordan, M., Stone, V., Jones, R., & Plaisted, K. (1999). Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(5), 407–418. doi: 10.1023/A:1023035012436 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42(2), 241–251. doi: 10.1017/S0021963001006643 Google Scholar
Bartsch, K., & Wellman, H. (1989). Young children’s attribution of action to beliefs and desires. Child Development, 60(4), 946. doi: 10.2307/1131035 Google Scholar
Bell, M., Bryson, G., & Lysaker, P. (1997). Positive and negative affect recognition in schizophrenia: A comparison with substance abuse and normal control subjects. Psychiatry Research, 73(1–2), 73–82.Google Scholar
Bell, M., Tsang, H.W.H., Greig, T.C., & Bryson, G.J. (2009). Neurocognition, social cognition, perceived social discomfort, and vocational outcomes in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(4), 738–747. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbm169 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, R.J.R. (2005). Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(4), 698–718. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bliksted, V., Fagerlund, B., Weed, E., Frith, C., & Videbech, P. (2014). Social cognition and neurocognitive deficits in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 153(1–3), 9–17. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.01.010 Google Scholar
Brekke, J., Kay, D.D., Lee, K.S., & Green, M.F. (2005). Biosocial pathways to functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 80(2–3), 213–225. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.008 Google Scholar
Brothers, L. (1990). The social brain: A project for integrating primate behaviour and neurophysiology in a new domain. Concepts in Neuroscience, 1, 27–51.Google Scholar
Brown, G.G., Del Dotto, J.E., Fisk, J.L., Taylor, H.G., & Breslau, N. (1993). Analyzing clinical ratings of performance on pediatric neuropsychological tests. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7(2), 179–189. doi: 10.1080/13854049308401520 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browne, J., Penn, D.L., Raykov, T., Pinkham, A.E., Kelsven, S., Buck, B., & Harvey, P.D. (2016). Social cognition in schizophrenia: Factor structure of emotion processing and theory of mind. Psychiatry Research, 242, 150–156. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.034 Google Scholar
Brunet, E., Sarfati, Y., & Hardy-Baylé, M.-C. (2003). Reasoning about physical causality and other’s intentions in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 8(2), 129–139. doi: 10.1080/13546800244000256 Google Scholar
Buck, B.E., Healey, K.M., Gagen, E.C., Roberts, D.L., & Penn, D.L. (2016). Social cognition in schizophrenia: Factor structure, clinical and functional correlates. Journal of Mental Health, 25(4), 1–8. doi: 10.3109/09638237.2015.1124397 Google Scholar
Child, D. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis (3rd ed.), London, New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Corbera, S., Wexler, B.E., Ikezawa, S., & Bell, M.D. (2013). Factor structure of social cognition in schizophrenia: Is empathy preserved? Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 2013, 1–13. doi: 10.1155/2013/409205 Google Scholar
Corcoran, R., Mercer, G., & Frith, C.D. (1995). Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: Investigating “theory of mind” in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 17(1), 5–13. doi: 10.1016/0920-9964(95)00024-G Google Scholar
Corrigan, P., & Green, M.F. (1993). The Situational Feature Recognition Test: A measure of schema comprehension for schizophrenia. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 3, 29–35.Google Scholar
Couture, S.M., Penn, D.L., & Roberts, D.L. (2006). The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(Suppl 1), 44–63. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl029 Google Scholar
Demorest, A., Meyer, C., Phelps, E., Gardner, H., & Winner, E. (1984). Words speak louder than actions: Understanding deliberately false remarks. Child Development, 55(4), 1527–1534. doi: 10.2307/1130022 Google Scholar
Desgranges, B. (2012). TOM-15: Une épreuve de fausses croyances pour évaluer la théorie de l’esprit cognitive. Revue de Neuropsychologie, 4(3), 216–220.Google Scholar
Dvash, J., & Shamay-Tsoory, S.G. (2014). Theory of mind and empathy as multidimensional constructs: Neurological foundations. Topics in Language Disorders, 34(4), 282–295. doi: 10.1097/TLD.0000000000000040 Google Scholar
Dymond, R.F. (1948). A preliminary investigation of the relation of insight and empathy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 12(4), 228.Google Scholar
Elamin, M., Pender, N., Hardiman, O., & Abrahams, S. (2012). Social cognition in neurodegenerative disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 83(11), 1071–1079. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302817 Google Scholar
Etchepare, A., Merceron, K., Amieva, H., Cady, F., Roux, S., & Prouteau, A. (2014). Évaluer la cognition sociale chez l’adulte: validation préliminaire du Protocole d’évaluation de la cognition sociale de Bordeaux (PECS-B). Revue de Neuropsychologie, 6(2), 138–149.Google Scholar
Evans, J.S. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 255–278. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629 Google Scholar
Fan, Y., Duncan, N.W., de Greck, M., & Northoff, G. (2011). Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 903–911. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.10.009 Google Scholar
Fanning, J.R., Bell, M.D., & Fiszdon, J.M. (2012). Is it possible to have impaired neurocognition but good social cognition in schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Research, 135(1–3), 68–71. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.12.009 Google Scholar
Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (2011). Attribution processes. In S.T. Fiske & S.E. Taylor (Eds.), Social cognition: From brains to culture (pp. 149–176). Wavre: Mardaga.Google Scholar
Frith, C.D., & Frith, U. (2008). Implicit and explicit processes in social cognition. Neuron, 60(3), 503–510. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.032 Google Scholar
Green, M.F., Olivier, B., Crawley, J.N., Penn, D.L., & Silverstein, S. (2005). Social cognition in schizophrenia: Recommendations from the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia New Approaches Conference. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(4), 882–887. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbi049 Google Scholar
Green, M.F., Penn, D.L., Bentall, R., Carpenter, W.T., Gaebel, W., Gur, R.C., & Heinssen, R. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1211–1220. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbm145 Google Scholar
Hair, J.F. (Ed.). (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Happé, F., Cook, J.L., & Bird, G. (2017). The structure of social cognition: In(ter)dependence of sociocognitive processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 68(1), 243–267. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044046 Google Scholar
Healey, K.M., Bartholomeusz, C.F., & Penn, D.L. (2016). Deficits in social cognition in first episode psychosis: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 50, 108–137. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.001 Google Scholar
Healey, K.M., Combs, D.R., Gibson, C.M., Keefe, R.S.E., Roberts, D.L., & Penn, D.L. (2015). Observable social cognition – A rating scale: An interview-based assessment for schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 20(3), 198–221. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2014.999915 Google Scholar
Heider, F., & Simmel, M. (1944). An experimental study of apparent behavior. The American Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 243–259. doi: 10.2307/1416950 Google Scholar
Humphrey, N.K. (1976). The social function of intellect. In P.P. Bateson & R.A. Hinde (Eds.), Growing points in ethology (pp. 303–317). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, A.P., Happé, F.G.E., Gilbert, F., Burnett, S., & Viding, E. (2010). Feeling, caring, knowing: Different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder: Comparing empathy deficits in boys with psychopathic tendencies and ASD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(11), 1188–1197. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02280.x Google Scholar
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. The Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.Google Scholar
Kelly, M., McDonald, S., & Frith, M.H.J. (2017). A survey of clinicians working in brain injury rehabilitation: Are social cognition impairments on the radar? Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 32(4), 55–65 . doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000269 Google Scholar
Lane, R.D., Quinlan, D.M., Schwartz, G.E., Walker, P.A., & Zeitlin, S.B. (1990). The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale: A cognitive-developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(1–2), 124–134. doi: 10.1080/00223891.1990.9674052 Google Scholar
Lane, R.D., & Schwartz, G.E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive-developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(2), 133–143.Google Scholar
Lezak, M.D. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, M.D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 259–289. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085654 Google Scholar
Ludwig, K.A., Pinkham, A.E., Harvey, P.D., Kelsven, S., & Penn, D.L. (2017). Social cognition psychometric evaluation (SCOPE) in people with early psychosis: A preliminary study. Schizophrenia Research. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.001 [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
Mancuso, F., Horan, W.P., Kern, R.S., & Green, M.F. (2011). Social cognition in psychosis: Multidimensional structure, clinical correlates, and relationship with functional outcome. Schizophrenia Research, 125(2–3), 143–151. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.007 Google Scholar
McDonald, S. (2013). Impairments in social cognition following severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(03), 231–246. doi: 10.1017/S1355617712001506 Google Scholar
McDonald, S., Flanagan, S., Rollins, J., & Kinch, J. (2003). TASIT: A new clinical tool for assessing social perception after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 18(3), 219–238.Google Scholar
Mehta, U.M., Bhagyavathi, H.D., Thirthalli, J., Kumar, K.J., & Gangadhar, B.N. (2014). Neurocognitive predictors of social cognition in remitted schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 219(2), 268–274. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.055 Google Scholar
Mehta, U.M., Thirthalli, J., Bhagyavathi, H.D., Keshav Kumar, J., Subbakrishna, D.K., Gangadhar, B.N., & Keshavan, M.S. (2014). Similar and contrasting dimensions of social cognition in schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Schizophrenia Research, 157(1–3), 70–77. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.018 Google Scholar
Mehta, U.M., Thirthalli, J., Subbakrishna, D.K., Gangadhar, B.N., Eack, S.M., & Keshavan, M.S. (2013). Social and neuro-cognition as distinct cognitive factors in schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 148(1–3), 3–11. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.009 Google Scholar
Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., & Petticrew, M., . . . PRISMA-P Group. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 Google Scholar
Molenberghs, P., Johnson, H., Henry, J.D., & Mattingley, J.B. (2016). Understanding the minds of others: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 65, 276–291. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.020 Google Scholar
Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Ochsner, K.N. (2008). The social-emotional processing stream: Five core constructs and their translational potential for schizophrenia and beyond. Biological Psychiatry, 64(1), 48–61. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.024 Google Scholar
Onishi, K.H. (2005). Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308(5719), 255–258. doi: 10.1126/science.1107621 Google Scholar
Parker, J.D.A., Keefer, K.V., Taylor, G.J., & Bagby, R.M. (2008). Latent structure of the alexithymia construct: A taxometric investigation. Psychological Assessment, 20(4), 385–396. doi: 10.1037/a0014262 Google Scholar
Perner, J., & Wimmer, H. (1985). “John thinks that Mary thinks that…” attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39(3), 437–471. doi: 10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7 Google Scholar
Pinkham, A.E., Penn, D.L., Green, M.F., Buck, B., Healey, K., & Harvey, P.D. (2014). The Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation Study: Results of the expert survey and RAND panel. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(4), 813–823. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbt081 Google Scholar
Pinkham, A.E., Penn, D.L., Green, M.F., & Harvey, P.D. (2016). Social cognition psychometric evaluation: Results of the Initial Psychometric Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(2), 494–504. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbv056 Google Scholar
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(04), 515–526. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00076512 Google Scholar
Samamé, C. (2013). Social cognition throughout the three phases of bipolar disorder: A state-of-the-art overview. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 1275–1286. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.012 Google Scholar
Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Baylé, M.C., Besche, C., & Widlöcher, D. (1997). Attribution of intentions to others in people with schizophrenia: A non-verbal exploration with comic strips. Schizophrenia Research, 25(3), 199–209.Google Scholar
Savla, G.N., Vella, L., Armstrong, C.C., Penn, D.L., & Twamley, E.W. (2013). Deficits in domains of social cognition in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(5), 979–992. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbs080 Google Scholar
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84(1), 1–66. doi: 10.1037//0033-295X.84.1.1 Google Scholar
Senju, A., Southgate, V., White, S., & Frith, U. (2009). Mindblind eyes: An absence of spontaneous theory of mind in Asperger syndrome. Science, 325(5942), 883–885. doi: 10.1126/science.1176170 Google Scholar
Seron, X., & Van der Linden, M. (2000). L’anamnèse et l’examen neuropsychologique de base. In X. Seron & M. Van der Linden (Eds.), Traité de neuropsychologie clinique de l’adulte (pp. 79–94). Solal: Marseille.Google Scholar
Shamay-Tsoory, S.G. (2015). The neuropsychology of empathy: Evidence from lesion studies. Revue de Neuropsychologie, 7(4), 237–243.Google Scholar
Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2007). Dissociable prefrontal networks for cognitive and affective theory of mind: A lesion study. Neuropsychologia, 45(13), 3054–3067. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.021 Google Scholar
Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: A double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain, 132(3), 617–627. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn279 Google Scholar
Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Harari, H., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Levkovitz, Y. (2010). The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in affective theory of mind deficits in criminal offenders with psychopathic tendencies. Cortex, 46(5), 668–677. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.04.008 Google Scholar
Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Tibi-Elhanany, Y., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2006). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is involved in understanding affective but not cognitive theory of mind stories. Social Neuroscience, 1(3–4), 149–166. doi: 10.1080/17470910600985589 Google Scholar
Snowden, J.S., Gibbons, Z.C., Blackshaw, A., Doubleday, E., Thompson, J., Craufurd, D., & Neary, D. (2003). Social cognition in frontotemporal dementia and Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 41(6), 688–701. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00221-X Google Scholar
Spikman, J.M., Timmerman, M.E., Milders, M.V., Veenstra, W.S., & van der Naalt, J. (2012). Social cognition impairments in relation to general cognitive deficits, injury severity, and prefrontal lesions in traumatic brain injury patients. Journal of Neurotrauma, 29(1), 101–111. doi: 10.1089/neu.2011.2084 Google Scholar
Stone, V.E., Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, R.T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10(5), 640–656.Google Scholar
Stouten, L.H., Veling, W., Laan, W., van der Helm, M., & van der Gaag, M. (2015). Psychosocial functioning in first-episode psychosis and associations with neurocognition, social cognition, psychotic and affective symptoms. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 11(1), 23–36. doi: 10.1111/eip.12210 Google Scholar
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed., Boston, MA: Pearson.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Ryan, D., & Bagby, M. (1985). Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44(4), 191–199. doi: 10.1159/000287912 Google Scholar
Thaler, N.S., Allen, D.N., Sutton, G.P., Vertinski, M., & Ringdahl, E.N. (2013). Differential impairment of social cognition factors in bipolar disorder with and without psychotic features and schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(12), 2004–2010. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.09.010 Google Scholar
Travis, L.L., & Sigman, M. (1998). Social deficits and interpersonal relationships in autism. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 4(2), 65–72. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:2<65::AID-MRDD2>3.0.CO;2-W Google Scholar
van Hooren, S., Versmissen, D., Janssen, I., Myin-Germeys, I., à Campo, J., Mengelers, R., & Krabbendam, L. (2008). Social cognition and neurocognition as independent domains in psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 103(1–3), 257–265. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.022 Google Scholar
van Overwalle, F., & Baetens, K. (2009). Understanding others’ actions and goals by mirror and mentalizing systems: A meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 48(3), 564–584. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.009 Google Scholar
Ventura, J., Wood, R.C., & Hellemann, G.S. (2013). Symptom domains and neurocognitive functioning can help differentiate social cognitive processes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(1), 102–111. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr067 Google Scholar
Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13(1), 103–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zackheim, L. (2007). Alexithymia: The expanding realm of research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63(4), 345–347. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.08.011 Google Scholar
Ziv, I., Leiser, D., & Levine, J. (2011). Social cognition in schizophrenia: Cognitive and affective factors. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 16(1), 71–91. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2010.492693 Google Scholar