Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:34:19.913Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anomalies of Autobiographical Memory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2019

Michael D. Kopelman Open the ORCID record for Michael D. Kopelman [Opens in a new window]
Michael D. Kopelman*
Affiliation:
King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE1 7AF, UK
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Michael D. Kopelman, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE1 7AF. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives:

In this paper, I review three ‘anomalies’ or disorders in autobiographical memory: neurological retrograde amnesia (RA), spontaneous confabulation, and psychogenic amnesia.

Methods:

Existing theories are reviewed, their limitations considered, some of my own empirical findings briefly described, and possible interpretations proposed and interspersed with illustrative case-reports.

Results:

In RA, there may be an important retrieval component to the deficit, and factors at encoding may give rise to the relative preservation of early memories (and the reminiscence bump) which manifests as a temporal gradient. Spontaneous confabulation appears to be associated with a damaged ‘filter’ in orbitofrontal and ventromedial frontal regions. Consistent with this, an empirical study has shown that both the initial severity of confabulation and its subsequent decline are associated with changes in the executive function (especially in cognitive estimate errors) and inversely with the quantity of accurate autobiographical memories retrieved. Psychogenic amnesia can be ‘global’ or ‘situation-specific’. The former is associated with a precipitating stress, depressed mood, and (often) a past history of a transient neurological amnesia. In these circumstances, frontal control mechanisms can inhibit retrieval of autobiographical memories, and even the sense of ‘self’ (identity), while compromised medial temporal function prevents subsequent retrieval of what occurred during a ‘fugue’. An empirical investigation of psychogenic amnesia and some recent imaging studies have provided findings consistent with this view.

Conclusions:

Taken together, these various observations point to the importance of frontal ‘control’ systems (in interaction with medial temporal/hippocampal systems) in the retrieval and, more particularly, the disrupted retrieval of ‘old’ memories.

Keywords

Retrograde amnesiaConfabulationPsychogenicFunctionalMemory
Type
Critical Review
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 25 , Issue 10 , November 2019 , pp. 1061 - 1075
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahmed, S., Irish, M., Loane, C., Baker, I., Husain, M., Thompson, S., Blanco-Duque, C., Mackay, C., Zamboni, G., Foxe, D., Hodges, J.R., Piguet, O., & Butler, C. (2018). Association between precuneus volume and autobiographical memory impairment in posterior cortical atrophy: Beyond the visual syndrome. NeuroImage: Clinical, 18, 822–834. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.03.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alvarez, P. & Squire, L.R. (1994). Memory consolidation and the medial temporal lobe: A simple network model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 7041–7045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, M.C. & Green, C. (2001). Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature, 410, 366–369. doi: 10.1038/35066572 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, M.C. & Hanslmayr, S. (2014). Neural mechanisms of motivated forgetting. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 279–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, M.C., Ochsner, K.N., Kuhl, B., Cooper, J., Robertson, E., Gabrieli, S.W., Glover, G.H., & Gabrieli, J.D. (2004). Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories. Science, 303, 232–235. doi: 10.1126/science.1089504 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arzy, S., Collette, S., Wissmeyer, M., Lazeyras, F., Kaplan, P.W., & Blanke, O. (2011). Psychogenic amnesia and self-identity: A multimodal functional investigation. European Journal of Neurology, 18, 1422–1425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Attali, E., De Anna, F., Dubois, B., & Dalla Barba, G. (2009). Confabulation in Alzheimer’s disease: Poor encoding and retrieval of over-learned information. Brain, 132, 204–212. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn241 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. & Wilson, B. (1986). Amnesia, autobiographical memory and confabulation, In Rubin, D. (Ed.), Autobiographical memory, (pp. 225–252). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511558313 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bajo, A., Fleminger, S., & Kopelman, M.D. (2010). Confabulations are emotionally charged, but not always for the best. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 975–983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bajo, A., Fleminger, S., Metcalfe, C., & Kopelman, M.D. (2017). Confabulation: What is associated with its rise and fall? A study in brain injury. Cortex, 87, 31–43. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.06.016 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnabe, A., Whitehead, V., Pilon, R., Arsenault-Lapierre, G. & Chertkow, H. (2012). Autobiographical memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A comparison between the Levine and Kopelman interview methodologies. Hippocampus, 22, 1809–1825. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, D.N. & Maguire, E.A. (2019). Remote memory and the hippocampus: A constructive critique. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23, 128–142. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.11.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayley, P.J., Gold, J.J., Hopkins, R.O., & Squire, L.R. (2005). The neuroanatomy of remote memory. Neuron, 46, 799–810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berlyne, N. (1972). Confabulation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 31–39. doi: 10.1192/bjp.120.554.31 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonnici, H.M. & Maguire, E.A. (2018). Two years later – Revisiting autobiographical memory representations in vmPFC and hippocampus. Neuropsychologia, 110, 159–169. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.05.014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botzung, A., Denkova, E., & Manning, L. (2007). Psychogenic memory deficits associated with functional cerebral changes: An FMRI study. Neurocase, 13, 378–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brand, M., Eggers, C., Reinhold, N., Fujiwara, E., Kessler, J., Heiss, W.D., & Markowitsch, H.J. (2009). Functional brain imaging in 14 patients with dissociative amnesia reveals right inferolateral prefrontal hypometabolism. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 174, 32–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bright, P., Buckman, J., Fradera, A., Yoshimasu, H., Colchester, A.C.F., & Kopelman, M.D. (2006). Retrograde amnesia in patients with hippocampal, medial temporal, temporal lobe or frontal pathology. Learning and Memory, 13, 545–557. doi: 10.1101/lm.265906 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buccione, I., Fadda, L., Serra, L., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G.A. (2008). Retrograde episodic and semantic memory impairment correlates with side of temporal lobe damage. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 1083–1094. doi: 10.1017/S1355617708080922 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, P.W. & Shallice, T. (1996). Confabulation and the control of recollection. Memory, 4, 359–411. doi: 10.1080/096582196388906 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butters, N. & Cermak, L.S. (1980). Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome: An Information-Processing Approach to Amnesia. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Butters, N. & Cermak, L.S. (1986). A case study of the forgetting of autobiographical knowledge: Implications for the study of retrograde amnesia, In Rubin, D.C. (Ed.), Autobiographical memory, (pp. 253–272). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cermak, L.S. (1984). The episodic–semantic distinction in amnesia, In L.Squire, R. and Butters, N. (Eds.), The Neuropsychology of memory (1st ed.). New York and London: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Cipolotti, L., Shallice, T., Chan, D., Fox, N., Scahill, R., Harrison, G., Stevens, J., & Rudge, P. (2001). Long-term retrograde amnesia … the crucial role of the hippocampus. Neuropsychologia, 39, 151–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coltheart, M. (2017). Confabulation and conversation. Cortex, 87, 62–68. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.08.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, M.A. & Tacchi, P.C. (1996). Motivated confabulation. Neurocase, 2, 325–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalla Barba, G. (1993). Confabulation: Knowledge and recollective experience. Cognitive Neuropsyschology, 10, 1–20. doi: 10.1080/02643299308253454 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalla Barba, G., Attali, E., & La Corte, V. (2010). Confabulation in healthy aging is related to interference of overlearned, semantically similar information on episodic memory recall. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 32, 655–660, doi: 10.1080/13803390903425251 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalla Barba, G., Brazzarola, M., Marangoni, S., Barbera, C., & Zannoni, I. (2017). A longitudinal study of confabulation. Cortex, 87, 44–51. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalla Barba, G., Cappelletti, J.Y., Signorini, M., & Denes, G. (1997). Confabulation: Remembering ‘another’ past, planning ‘another’ future. Neurocase, 3, 425–436.Google Scholar
Dalla Barba, G. & La Corte, V. (2015). A neurophenomenological model for the role of the hippocampus in temporal consciousness. Evidence from confabulation. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 1045–1058. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00218 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Anna, F., Attali, E., Freynet, L., Foubert, L., Laurent, A., Dubois, B., & Dalla Barba, G. (2008). Intrusions in story recall: When over-learned information interferes with episodic memory recall. Evidence from Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 44, 305–311. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2006.08.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deary, I.J., Wessely, S., & Farrell, M. (1985). Dementia and Mrs Thatcher. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 291, 1768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Della Sala, S., Laiacona, M., Spinnler, H., & Trivelli, C. (1993). Autobiographical recollection and frontal damage. Neuropsychologia, 31, 823–839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Esposito, M., Alexander, M.P., Fischer, R., McGlinchey-Berroth, R., & O’Connor, M. (1996). Recovery of memory and executive function following anterior communicating artery aneurysm rupture. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 1–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Dewar, M.T., Cowan, N., & Della Sala, S. (2007). Forgetting due to retroactive interference: A fusion of Müller & Pilzecker’s (1900) early insights into everyday forgetting and recent research on anterograde amnesia. Cortex, 43, 616–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudai, Y. (2004). The neurobiology of consolidations, or, how stable is the engram? Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 51–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudai, Y. (2012). The restless engram: Consolidations never end. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 227–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fotopoulou, A., Conway, M.A., Solms, M., Tyrer, S., & Kopelman, M.D. (2008). Self-serving confabulation in prose recall. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1429–1441. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.030 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fotopoulou, A., Solms, M., & Turnbull, O. (2004). Wishful reality distortions in confabulation: A case study. Neuropsychologia, 42, 727–744. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.11.008 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S. (1916-17). Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Vol. 16, (pp. 295–296). Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Freud, S. & Breuer, J. (1895). Studies on Hysteria. London: Penguin Modern Classics.Google Scholar
Fromholt, P. & Larsen, S.F. (1991). Autobiographical memory in normal aging and primary degenerative dementia (dementia of Alzheimer type). Journal of Gerontology, 46, 85–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fromholt, P., Mortensen, D., Torpdahl, P., Bender, L., Larsen, P., & Rubin, D. (2003). Life-narrative and word-cued autobiographical memories in centenarians: Comparisons with 80-year-old control, depressed, and dementia groups. Memory, 11, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujii, T., Moscovitch, M., & Nadel, L. (2000). Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia, and the temporal lobe, In Cermak, L.S. (Ed.), Handbook of neuropsychology: Memory and its disorders, (pp. 223–250). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.Google Scholar
Ghosh, V.E., Moscovitch, M., Colella, B.M., & Gilboa, A. (2014). Schema representation in patients with ventromedial PFC lesions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 12057–12070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilboa, A., Alain, C., Stuss, D.T., Melo, B., Miller, S., & Moscovitch, M. (2006). Mechanisms of spontaneous confabulations: A strategic retrieval account. Brain, 129, 1399–1414. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl093 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilboa, A. & Moscovitch, M. (2017). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex generates pre-stimulus theta coherence desynchronization: A schema instantiation hypothesis. Cortex, 87, 16–30. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glisky, E.L., Ryan, L., Reminger, S., Hardt, O., Hayes, S.M., & Hupbach, A. (2004). A case of psychogenic fugue: I understand, aber ich verstehe nichts. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1132–1147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, D.L. & Knowlton, B.J. (2014). The role of visual imagery in autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition, 42, 922–934. doi: 10.3758/s13421-014-0402-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, J.D., Hodges, J.R., & Baddeley, A.D. (1995). Autobiographical memory and executive function in early dementia of Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia, 33, 1647–1670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grilli, M.D. (2017). The association of personal semantic memory to identity representations: Insight into higher-order networks of autobiographical contents, Memory, 25, 1435–1443. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1315137 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grilli, M.D. & Verfaellie, M. (2014). Personal semantic memory: Insights from neuropsychological research on amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 61, 56–64. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grilli, M.D., Wank, A.A., & Verfaellie, M. (2018). The life stories of adults with amnesia: Insights into the contribution of the medial temporal lobes to the organization of autobiographical memory. Neuropsychologia, 110, 84–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, N.A., Johnston, K., Corno, F., Casey, S., Friedner, K., Humphreys, K., Jaldow, E.J., Pitkanen, M., & Kopelman, M.D. (2017). Psychogenic amnesia: Syndromes, outcome, and patterns of retrograde amnesia. Brain, 140, 2498–2510. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx186 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennig-Fast, K., Meister, F., Frodl, T., Beraldi, A., Padberg, F., Engel, R.R., Reiser, M., Möller, H.J., & Meindl, T. (2008). A case of persistent retrograde amnesia following a dissociative fugue: Neuropsychological and neurofunctional underpinnings of loss of autobiographical memory and self-awareness. Neuropsychologia, 46, 2993–3005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodges, J.R. & Warlow, C.P. (1990). The aetiology of transient global amnesia: A case-control study of 114 cases with prospective follow-up. Brain, 113, 639–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, A.C. & Kensinger, E.A. (2010). Emotion and autobiographical memory. Physics of Life Reviews, 7, 88–131. doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2010.01.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irish, M., Landin-Romero, R., Mothakunnel, A., Ramanan, S., Hsieh, S., Hodges, J.R., & Piguet, O. (2018). Evolution of autobiographical memory impairments in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia – A longitudinal neuroimaging study. Neuropsychologia, 110, 14–25. doi: 10/1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irish, M., Lawlor, B.A., O’Mara, S.M., & Coen, R.F. (2011). Impaired capacity for autonoetic reliving during autobiographical event recall in mild Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 47, 236–249. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.01.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M.K., O’Connor, M., & Cantor, J. (1997). Confabulation, memory deficits, and frontal dysfunction. Brain and Cognition, 34, 189–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, N. (1993). Focal retrograde amnesia in neurological disease: A critical review. Cortex, 29, 217–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, N. (1999). Syndromes of retrograde amnesia: A conceptual and empirical synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 800–825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, N. (2000). Focal retrograde amnesia and the attribution of causality: An exceptionally benign commentary. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 623–637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, N. & Coughlan, A.K. (1980). Confabulation and frontal lobe dysfunction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 43, 461–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kikuchi, H., Fujii, T., Abe, N., Suzuki, M., Takagi, M., Mugikura, S., Takahashi, S., & Mori, E. (2010). Memory repression: Brain mechanisms underlying dissociative amnesia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 602–613. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21212 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirk, M. & Berntsen, D. (2018). The life span distribution of autobiographical memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 32, 906–919. doi: 10.1037/neu0000486 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirwan, C.B., Bayley, P.J., Galván, V.V., & Squire, L.R. (2008). Detailed recollection of remote autobiographical memory after damage to the medial temporal lobe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 2676–2680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D. (1987). Two types of confabulation. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 50, 1482–1487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D. (1989). Remote and autobiographical memory, temporal context memory and frontal atrophy in Korsakoff and Alzheimer patients. Neuropsychologia, 27, 437–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D. (1991). Frontal lobe dysfunction and memory deficits in the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome and Alzheimer-type dementia. Brain, 114, 117–137.Google ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D. (1995). The Korsakoff syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 154–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D. (2000). Focal retrograde amnesia and the attribution of causality: An exceptionally critical review. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 585–621. doi: 10.1080/026432900750002172 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopelman, M.D. (2002). Disorders of memory. Brain, 125, 2152–2190. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf229 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopelman, M.D. (2008). Retrograde memory loss, In Goldenberg, G. & Miller, B.L. (Eds.), Neuropsychology and behavioural neurology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology (3rd series), Vol. 88, (pp. 185–202). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Kopelman, M.D. (2010). Varieties of confabulation and delusion. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 15, 14–37. doi: 10.1080/13546800902732830 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D., Bright, P., Fulker, H., Hinton, N., Morrison, A., & Verfaellie, M. (2009). Remote semantic memory in patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome and herpes encephalitis. Neuropsychology, 23, 144–157. doi: 10.1037/a0014447 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D., Christensen, H., Puffett, A., & Stanhope, N. (1994). The Great Escape: A neuropsychological study of psychogenic amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 32, 675–691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D., Lasserson, D., Kingsley, D.R., Bello, F., Rush, C., Stanhope, N., Stevens, T.G., Goodman, G., Buckman, J.R., Heilpern, G., Kendall, B.E., & Colchester, A.C. (2003). Retrograde amnesia and the volume of critical brain structures. Hippocampus, 13, 879–891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D. & Morton, J. (2015). Amnesia in an actor: Learning and re-learning of play passages despite severe autobiographical amnesia. Cortex, 67, 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopelman, M.D., Ng, N., & Van Den Brouke, O. (1997). Confabulation extending across episodic, personal, and general semantic memory. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 683–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopelman, M.D., Stanhope, N., & Kingsley, D. (1999). Retrograde amnesia in patients with diencephalic, temporal lobe, or frontal lesions. Neuropsychologia, 37, 939–958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D., Wilson, B.A., & Baddeley, A.D. (1989). The Autobiographical Memory Interview: A new assessment of autobiographical and personal semantic memory in amnesic patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 724–744. doi: 10.1080/01688638908400928 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kopelman, M.D., Wilson, B.A., & Baddeley, A. (1990). The Autobiographical Memory Interview. Bury St Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company Ltd.Google Scholar
Korsakoff, S.S. (1889). Psychic disorder in conjunction with peripheral neuritis. Translated and republished by Victor, M. & Yakolev, P.I. Neurology, 1955, 5, 394–406.Google Scholar
La Corte, V., Serra, M., Boissé, M.-F., & Dalla Barba, G. (2010). Confabulation in Alzheimer’s disease and amnesia: A qualitative account and a new taxonomy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 967–974. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710001001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lah, S. & Miller, L. (2008). Effects of temporal lobe lesions on retrograde memory: A critical review. Neuropsychology Review, 18, 24–52. doi: 10.1007/s11065-008-9053-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J.F., Winocur, G. & Moscovitch, M. (2002). Aging and autobiographical memory: dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval. Psychology and Aging, 17, 677–689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luria, A.R. (1976). The Neuropsychology of Memory. Washington, DC: V.H. Winston & Sons.Google Scholar
Maguire, E. (2001). Neuroimaging studies of autobiographical event memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Science, 356, 1441–1451. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2001.0944 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magnin, E., Thomas-Antérion, C., Sylvestre, G., Haffen, S., Magnin-Feysot, V., & Rumbach, L. (2014). Conversion, dissociative amnesia, and Ganser syndrome in a case of “chameleon” syndrome: anatomo-functional findings. Neurocase, 20, 27–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manns, J.R., Hopkins, R.O., Reed, J.M., Kitchener, E.G., & Squire, L.R. (2003). Recognition memory and the human hippocampus. Neuron, 37, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markowitsch, H.J., Fink, G.R., Thone, A., Kessler, J., & Heiss, W.D. (1997). A PET study of persistent psychogenic amnesia covering the whole life span. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2, 135–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markowitsch, H.J. & Staniloiu, A. (2012). Amnesic disorders. Lancet, 380, 1429–1440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markowitsch, H.J. & Staniloiu, A. (2013). The impairment of recollection in functional amnesic states. Cortex, 49, 1494–1510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W.D. & Teuber, H. (1975). Memory for remote events in anterograde amnesia: Recognition of public figures from newsphotographs. Neuropsychologia, 13, 353–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormick, C., Ciaramelli, E., De Luca, F., & Maguire, E.A. (2018). Comparing and contrasting the cognitive effects of hippocampal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage: A review of human lesion studies. Neuroscience, 374, 295–318. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormick, C., St-Laurent, M., Ty, A., Valiante, T.A., & McAndrews, M.P. (2015). Functional and effective hippocampal-neocortical connectivity during construction and elaboration of autobiographical memory retrieval. Cerebral Cortex, 25, 1297–1305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metcalf, K., Langdon, R., & Coltheart, M. (2007). Models of confabulation: A critical review and a new framework. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24, 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalf, K., Langdon, R., & Coltheart, M. (2010). The role of personal biases in the explanation of confabulation. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 15, 64–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milner, B. (1966). Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes, In Whitty, C.W.M. & Zangwill, O.L. (Eds.), Amnesia (1st ed.), (pp. 109–133). London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Moll, J.M. (1915). The amnesic or Korsakoff’s syndrome with alcoholic aetiology: An analysis of 30 cases. Journal of Mental Science, 61, 423–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R.G. & Mograbi, D.C. (2013). Anosognosia, autobiographical memory and self knowledge in Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 49, 1553–1565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moscovitch, M., Cabeza, R., Winocur, G., & Nadel, L. (2016). Episodic memory and beyond: the hippocampus and neocortex in transformation. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 105–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moscovitch, M. & Melo, B. (1997). Strategic retrieval and the frontal lobes: Evidence from confabulation and amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 35, 1017–1034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moss, H., Kopelman, M.D., Cappelletti, M., De Mornay Davies, P., & Jaldow, E. (2003). Lost for words or loss of memories? Autobiographical memory in semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 703–732. doi: 10.1080/02643290242000916 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadel, L. & Moscovitch, M. (1997). Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia and the hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 7, 217–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahum, L., Bouzerda-Wahlen, A., Guggisberg, A., Ptak, R., & Schnider, A. (2012). Forms of confabulation: Dissociations and associations. Neuropsychologia, 50, 2524–2534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkin, A., Montaldi, D., Leng, N.R.C., & Hunkin, N.M. (1990). Contextual cueing effects in the remote memory of alcoholic Korsakoff patients and normal subjects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A, 42, 585–596. doi: 10.1080/14640749008401238 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piolino, P., Desgranges, B., Belliard, S., Matuszewski, V., Lalevee, C., De la Sayette, V., & Eustache, F. (2003). Autobiographical memory and autonoetic consciousness: Triple dissociation in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain, 126, 2203–2219. doi: 10.1093/brain/awg222 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piolino, P., Hannequin, D., Desgranges, B., Girard, C., Beaunieux, H., Giffard, B., Lebreton, K., & Eustache, F. (2005). Right ventral frontal hypometabolism and abnormal sense of self in a case of disproportionate retrograde amnesia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22, 1005–1034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinette, P., Guillery-Girard, B., Dayan, J., de la Sayette, V., Marquis, S., Viader, F., Desgranges, B., & Eustache, F. (2006). What does transient global amnesia really mean? Review of the literature and thorough study of 142 cases. Brain, 129, 1640–1658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Race, E., Keane, M.M., & Verfaellie, M. (2011). Medial temporal lobe damage causes deficits in episodic memory and episodic future thinking not attributable to deficits in narrative construction. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 10262–10269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathbone, C.J., Moulin, C.J.A., & Conway, M.A. (2008). Self-centred memories: The reminiscence bump and the self. Memory & Cognition, 36, 1403–1414. doi: 10.3758/MC.36.8.1403 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rensen, Y.C.M., Kessels, R.P.C., Migo, E.M., Wester, A.J., Eling, P.A.T.M., & Kopelman, M.D. (2017). Personal semantic and episodic autobiographical memories in Korsakoff syndrome: A comparison of interview methods. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 39, 534–546. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1248811 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ribot, T. (1882). Diseases of the Memory: An Essay in the Positive Psychology. New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivers, W.H.R. (1918). The repression of war experience. Lancet, 1, 73–177.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, R.S., Gilboa, A., Levine, B., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2009). Amnesia as an impairment of detail generation and binding: Evidence from personal, fictional, and semantic narratives in K.C. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2181–2187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenbaum, R.S., Moscovitch, M., Foster, J.K., Schnyer, D.M., Gao, F., Kovacevic, N., Verfaellie, M., Black, S.E., & Levine, B. (2008). Patterns of autobiographical memory loss in medial-temporal lobe amnesic patients. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 1490–1506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin, D.C. & Schulkind, M.D. (1997). Distribution of important and word-cued autobiographical memories in 20-, 35-, and 70-year-old adults. Psychology and Aging, 12, 524–535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, W.R. & Nathan, P.W. (1946). Traumatic amnesia. Brain, 69, 280–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, H. & Warrington, E. (1971). Memory for remote events in amnesic patients. Brain, 94, 661–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D.L., Norman, K.A., & Koutstaal, W. (1998). The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 289–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schnider, A. (2017). The Confabulating Mind: How the Brain Creates Reality (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnider, A., von Däniken, C., & Gutbrod, K. (1996). The mechanisms of spontaneous and provoked confabulations. Brain, 119, 1365–1375. doi: 10.1093/brain/119.4.1365 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sekeres, M.J., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2018). The hippocampus and related neocortical structures in memory transformation. Neuroscience Letters 680, 39–53. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serra, L., Bozzali, M., Fadda, L., De Simone, M.S., Bruschini, M., Perri, R., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G.A. (2018). The role of hippocampus in the retrieval of autobiographical memories in patients with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neuropsychology. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12174 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimamura, A.P. & Squire, L.R. (1986). Korsakoff’s syndrome: A study of the relation between anterograde amnesia and remote memory impairment. Behavioural Neuroscience, 100, 165–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, J.S. & Spiers, H.J. (2003). Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in long-term memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 637–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L.R., Cohen, N.J., & Nadel, L. (1984). The medial temporal region andmemory consolidation: A new hypothesis, In Weingartner, H. & Parker, E.S. (Eds.), Memory consolidation, (pp. 185–210). Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Staniloiu, A & Markowitsch, H.J. (2014). Dissociative amnesia. Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 226–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staniloiu, A., Markowitsch, H.J., & Kordon, A. (2018). Psychological causes of autobiographical amnesia: A study of 28 cases. Neuropsychologia, 110, 134–147. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strikwerda-Brown, C., Mothakunne, A., Hodges, J.R., Piguet, O., & Irish, M. (2018). External details revisited – A new taxonomy for coding ‘non-episodic’ content during autobiographical memory retrieval. Journal of Neuropsychology. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12160 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuss, D.T., Alexander, M.P., Lieberman, A., & Levine, H. (1978). An extraordinary form of confabulation. Neurology, 28, 1166–1172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svoboda, E., McKinnon, M.C., & Levine, B. (2006). The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2189–2208. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.023 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talland, G.A. (1965). Deranged Memory. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Thomas-Antérion, C., Guedj, E., Decousus, M., & Laurent, B. (2010). Can we see personal identity loss? A functional imaging study of typical ‘hysterical amnesia’. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 81, 468–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomadesso, C., Perrotin, A., Mutlu, J., Mézenge, F., Landeau, B., Egret, S., de la Sayette, V., Jonin, P.Y., Eustache, F., Desgranges, B., & Chételat, G. (2015). Brain structural, functional, and cognitive correlates of recent versus remote autobiographical memories in amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. NeuroImage: Clinical, 8, 473–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toosy, A.T., Burbridge, S.E., Pitkanen, M., Loyal, A.S., Akanuma, N., Laing, H., Kopelman, M.D., & Andrews, T.C. (2008). Functional imaging correlates of frontotemporal dysfunction in Morvan’s syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79, 734–735. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2007.129882 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tse, D., Langston, R.F., Kakeyama, M., Bethus, I., Spooner, P.A., Wood, E.R., Witter, M.P., & Morris, R.G.M. (2007). Schemas and memory consolidation. Science, 316, 76–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turnbull, O.H. & Salas, C.E. (2017). Confabulation: Developing the ‘emotion dysregulation’ hypothesis. Cortex, 87, 52–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, M.S., Cipolotti, L., Yousry, T.A., & Shallice, T. (2008). Confabulation: Damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system. Cortex, 44, 637–648. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.01.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verfaellie, M. & Keane, M.M. (2017). Neuropsychological investigations of human amnesia: insights into the role of the medial temporal lobes in cognition. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23, 732–740. doi: 10.1017/S1355617717000649 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Victor, M., Adams, R.D., & Collins, G.H. (1971). The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.Google ScholarPubMed
Viskontas, I.V., McAndrews, M.P., & Moscovitch, M. (2000). Remote episodic memory deficits in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy and excisions. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 5853–5857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiskrantz, L. (1985). On issues and theories of the human amnesic syndrome, In N.Weinberger, M., J.McGaugh, L., & Lynch, G. (Eds.), Memory Systems of the Brain, (pp. 380–415). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Winocur, G. & Moscovitch, M. (2011). Memory transformation and systems consolidation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 766–780. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yasuno, F., Nishikawa, T., Nakagawa, Y., Ikejiri, Y., Tokunaga, H., Mizuta, I., Shinozaki, K., Hashikawa, K., Sugita, Y., Nishimura, T., & Takeda, M. (2000). Functional anatomical study of psychogenic amnesia. Psychiatry Research, 99, 43–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed