Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T04:18:42.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mayo's Older African American Normative Studies: Confirmatory factor analysis of a core battery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2005

OTTO PEDRAZA
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical & Health Psychology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Foundation, Jacksonville, Florida
JOHN A. LUCAS
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Foundation, Jacksonville, Florida
GLENN E. SMITH
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
FLOYD B. WILLIS
Affiliation:
Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Foundation, Jacksonville, Florida
NEILL R. GRAFF-RADFORD
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Mayo Foundation, Jacksonville, Florida
TANIS J. FERMAN
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Foundation, Jacksonville, Florida
RONALD C. PETERSEN
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
DAWN BOWERS
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical & Health Psychology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
ROBERT J. IVNIK
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota

Abstract

Covariance structure analyses of a core neuropsychological test battery consisting of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised, Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, and Auditory Verbal Learning Test have previously identified a 5-factor model in a sample of cognitively normal White volunteers from Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS). The present study sought to replicate this factor structure in a sample of 289 cognitively normal, community-dwelling African American elders from Mayo's Older African Americans Normative Studies (MOAANS). The original 5-factor model was tested against 2 alternative 4-factor models and a 6-factor model generated on a substantive basis. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity of this core battery in older African Americans by replicating the original 5-factor model of Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Attention/Concentration, Learning, and Retention as viable in the present sample. (JINS, 2005, 11, 184–191.)

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2005 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ardila, A. (1995). Directions of research in cross-cultural neuropsychology. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 143150.Google Scholar
Artiola i Fortuny, L. & Mullaney, H.A. (1998). Assessing patients whose language you do not know: Can the absurd be ethical? Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 113126.Google Scholar
Banks-Wallace, J. (2002). Talk that talk: Storytelling and analysis rooted in African American oral tradition. Qualitative Health Research, 12, 410426.Google Scholar
Bentler, P.M. (1983). Some contributions to efficient statistics for structural models: Specification and estimation of moment structures. Psychometrika, 48, 493571.Google Scholar
Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238246.Google Scholar
Bentler, P.M. (1995). EQS structural programming manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
Browne, M.W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternate ways of assessing model fit. In K.A. Bollen & J.S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Diehr, M.C., Heaton, R.K., Miller, W., & Grant, I. (1998). The Paced Serial Addition Task (PASAT): Norms for age, education, and ethnicity. Assessment, 5, 375387.Google Scholar
Evans, J.D., Miller, S.W., Byrd, D.A., & Heaton, R.K. (2000). Cross-cultural applications of the Halstead-Reitan batteries. In E. Fletcher-Janzen, T.L. Strickland, & C.R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural neuropsychology (pp. 287303). New York: Plenum.
Friedman, M.A., Schinka, J.A., Mortimer, J.A., & Graves, A.B. (2002). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised: Norms for elderly African Americans. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 356372.Google Scholar
Gladsjo, J.A., Schuman, C.C., Evans, J.D., Peavy, G.M., Miller, S.W., & Heaton, R.K. (1999). Norms for letter and category fluency: Demographic corrections for age, education, and ethnicity. Assessment, 6, 147178.Google Scholar
Hayduck, L.A. (1996). LISREL issues, debates, and strategies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Heaton, R.K., Taylor, M.J., & Manly, J. (2003). Demographic effects and use of deomgraphically corrected norms with the WAIS–III and WMS–III. In D.S. Tulsky, D.H. Saklofske, G.J. Chelune, R.K. Heaton, R.J. Ivnik, R. Bornstein, A. Prifitera, & M.F. Ledbetter (Eds.), Clinical interpretation of the WAIS–III and WMS–III (pp. 181210). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Science.
Helms, J.E. (1992). Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing? American Psychologist, 47, 10831101.Google Scholar
Helms, J.E. (1997). The triple quandary of race, culture, and social class in standardized cognitive ability testing. In D.P. Flanagan, J.L. Genshaft, & P.L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment (pp. 517532). New York: Guilford Press.
Hu, L.T. & Bentler, P.M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R.H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 7699). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hu, L.T. & Bentler, P.M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424453.Google Scholar
Hu, L.T. & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 155.Google Scholar
Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Smith, G.E., Tangalos, E.G., & Petersen, R.C. (1996). Neuropsychological tests' norms above age 55: COWAT, BNT, MAE Token, WRAT–R Reading, AMNART, STROOP, TMT and JLO. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 262278.Google Scholar
Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Smith, G.E., Tangalos, E.G., Petersen, R.C., Kokmen, E., & Kurland, L.T. (1992a). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Updated AVLT norms for ages 56 to 97. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6 (Suppl.), 82103.Google Scholar
Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Smith, G.E., Tangalos, E.G., Petersen, R.C., Kokmen, E., & Kurland, L.T. (1992b). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WAIS–R norms for ages 56 to 97. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6 (Suppl.), 130.Google Scholar
Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Smith, G.E., Tangalos, E.G., Petersen, R.C., Kokmen, E., & Kurland, L.T. (1992c). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: WMS–R norms for ages 56 to 97. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6 (Suppl.), 4881.Google Scholar
Jones, J.M. & Block, C.B. (1984). Black cultural perspectives. Clinical Psychologist, 37, 5862.Google Scholar
Jöreskog, K.G. & Sörbom, D. (1997). LISREL 8: User's reference guide (2nd ed.). Chicago: Scientific Software International.
Jöreskog, K.G. & Sörbom, D. (1998). LISREL 8.20 for Windows. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
Lichtenberg, P.A., Manning, C.A., Vangel, C.A., & Ross, T.P. (1995). Normative and ecological validity data in older urban medical patients: A program of neuropsychological research. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy, 8, 121136.Google Scholar
Lichtenberg, P.A., Ross, T., Youngblade, L., & Vangel, S.J. (1998). Normative Studies Research Project test battery: Detection of dementia in African American and European American urban elderly patients. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 146154.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, D.A., Argueelles, T., Argueelles, S., & Linn-Fuentes, P. (1994). Potential cultural bias in the neuropsychological assessment of the older adult. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 623629.Google Scholar
Lucas, J.A., Ivnik, R.J., Smith, G.E., Bohac, D.L., Tangalos, E.G., Graff-Radford, N.R., & Petersen, R.C. (1998a). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Category fluency norms. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 194200.Google Scholar
Lucas, J.A., Ivnik, R.J., Smith, G.E., Bohac, D.L., Tangalos, E.G., Graff-Radford, N.R., & Petersen, R.C. (1998b). Normative data for the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 536547.Google Scholar
Lucas, J.A., Ivnik, R.J., Smith, G.E., Ferman, T.J., Willis, F.B., Petersen, R.C., & Graff-Radford, N.R. (in press). Mayo's Older African American Normative Studies: Normative data for commonly used clinical neuropsychological measures. Clinical Neuropsychologist.
MacCallum, R.C. & Austin, J.T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 201226.Google Scholar
MacCallum, R.C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L.B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 490504.Google Scholar
Manly, J.J., Jacobs, D.M., Sano, M., Bell, K., Merchant, C.A., Small, S.A., & Stern, Y. (1998a). African American acculturation and neuropsychological test performance among nondemented community elders [Abstract]. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 77.Google Scholar
Manly, J.J., Jacobs, D.M., Sano, M., Bell, K., Merchant, C.A., Small, S.A., & Stern, Y. (1998b). Cognitive test performances among nondemented elderly African Americans and Whites. Neurology, 50, 12381245.Google Scholar
Marcopulos, B. & McLain, C.A. (2003). Are our norms “normal”? A four-year follow-up study of a biracial sample of rural elders with low education. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 1933.Google Scholar
Marcopulos, B., McLain, C.A., & Giuliano, A.J. (1997). Cognitive impairment or inadequate norms? A study of healthy, rural older adults with limited education. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 111131.Google Scholar
Millis, S.R., Malina, A.C., Bowers, D.A., & Ricker, J.H. (1999). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Wechsler Memory Scale–III. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 8793.Google Scholar
Nabors, N.A., Evans, J.D., & Strickland, T.L. (2000). Neuropsychological assessment and intervention with African Americans. In E. Fletcher-Janzen, T.L. Strickland, & C. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural neuropsychology (pp. 3142). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Rey, A. (1964). L'examen clinique en psychologie [The clinical examination in psychology]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Smith, G.E., Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., Kokmen, E., Tangalos, E.G., & Kurland, L.T. (1992). Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS): Factor structure of a core battery. Psychological Assessment, 4, 382390.Google Scholar
Smith, G.E., Ivnik, R.J., Malec, J.F., & Tangalos, E.G. (1993). Factor structure of the Mayo Older Americans Normative Sample (MOANS) core battery: Replication in a clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 5, 121124.Google Scholar
Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Unverzagt, F.W., Hall, K.S., Torke, A.M., Rediger, J.D., Mercado, N., Gureje, O., Osuntokun, B.O., & Hendrie, H.C. (1996). Effects of age, education and gender on CERAD neuropsychological test performance in an African American sample. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 180190.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D.A. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised. New York: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1997a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition administration and scoring manual. Orlando, FL: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1997b). Wechsler Memory Scale–Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Welsh, K.A., Fillenbaum, G., Wilkinson, W., Heyman, A., Mohs, R.C., Stern, Y., Harrell, L., Edland, S.D., & Beekly, D. (1995). Neuropsychological test performance in African American and White patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 45, 22072211.Google Scholar
Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D.F., & Summers, G.F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. In D.R. Heise (Ed.), Sociology methodology 1977 (pp. 84136). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wilde, N.J., Strauss, E., Chelune, G.J., Hermann, B.P., Hunter, M., Loring, D.W., Martin, R.C., & Sherman, E.M.S. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the WMS–III in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Psychological Assessment, 15, 5663.Google Scholar