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Outpatient Antibiotic Prescription Trends in the United States: A National Cohort Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2018

Michael J. Durkin ,
S. Reza Jafarzadeh ,
Kevin Hsueh ,
Ya Haddy Sallah ,
Kiraat D. Munshi ,
Rochelle R. Henderson  and
Victoria J. Fraser
Michael J. Durkin*
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
S. Reza Jafarzadeh
Affiliation:
Clinical Epidemiology Research and Training Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
Kevin Hsueh
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
Ya Haddy Sallah
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
Kiraat D. Munshi
Affiliation:
Express Scripts Holding Company, St Louis, Missouri
Rochelle R. Henderson
Affiliation:
Express Scripts Holding Company, St Louis, Missouri
Victoria J. Fraser
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
*
Address correspondence to Michael J. Durkin MD, MPH, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 4523 Clayton Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110 ([email protected]).
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To characterize trends in outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in the United States

DESIGN

Retrospective ecological and temporal trend study evaluating outpatient antibiotic prescriptions from 2013 to 2015

SETTING

National administrative claims data from a pharmacy benefits manager PARTICIPANTS. Prescription pharmacy beneficiaries from Express Scripts Holding Company

MEASUREMENTS

Annual and seasonal percent change in antibiotic prescriptions

RESULTS

Approximately 98 million outpatient antibiotic prescriptions were filled by 39 million insurance beneficiaries during the 3-year study period. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were azithromycin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, and cephalexin. No significant changes in individual or overall annual antibiotic prescribing rates were found during the study period. Significant seasonal variation was observed, with antibiotics being 42% more likely to be prescribed during February than September (peak-to-trough ratio [PTTR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39–1.61). Similar seasonal trends were found for azithromycin (PTTR, 2.46; 95% CI, 2.44–3.47), amoxicillin (PTTR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.42–1.89), and amoxicillin/clavulanate (PTTR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.68–2.29).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that annual national outpatient antibiotic prescribing practices remained unchanged during our study period. Furthermore, seasonal peaks in antibiotics generally used to treat viral upper respiratory tract infections remained unchanged during cold and influenza season. These results suggest that inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics remains widespread, despite the concurrent release of several guideline-based best practices intended to reduce inappropriate antibiotic consumption; however, further research linking national outpatient antibiotic prescriptions to associated medical conditions is needed to confirm these findings.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:584–589

Type
Original Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 39 , Issue 5 , May 2018 , pp. 584 - 589
Copyright
© 2018 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved 

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Footnotes

PREVIOUS PRESENTATION. A poster presentation of this data was presented at SHEA 2017 on March 31, 2017, in St Louis, Missouri.

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