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Identification of Factors That Disrupt Negative Air Pressurization of Respiratory Isolation Rooms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Nicholas Pavelchak ,
Ronald P. DePersis ,
Matthew London ,
Rachel Stricof ,
Margaret Oxtoby ,
George DiFerdinando Jr  and
Elizabeth Marshall
Nicholas Pavelchak*
Affiliation:
Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York
Ronald P. DePersis
Affiliation:
Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York
Matthew London
Affiliation:
Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York
Rachel Stricof
Affiliation:
Center for Community Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York
Margaret Oxtoby
Affiliation:
Center for Community Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York
George DiFerdinando Jr
Affiliation:
Center for Community Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York
Elizabeth Marshall
Affiliation:
Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York
*
Department of Health, Division of Occupational Health and Environmental Epidemiology, Flanigan Square, 547 River St, Room 230, Troy, NY 12180
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Abstract

Objectives:

To investigate the airflow characteristics of respiratory isolation rooms (IRs) and to evaluate the use of visible smoke as a monitoring tool.

Methods:

Industrial hygienists from the New York State Department of Health evaluated 140 designated IRs in 38 facilities within New York State during 1992 to 1998. The rooms were located in the following settings: hospitals (59%), correctional facilities (40%), and nursing homes (1%). Each room was tested with visible smoke for directional airflow into the patient room (ie, negative air pressure relative to adjacent areas). Information was obtained on each facility's policies and procedures for maintaining and monitoring the operation of the IRs.

Results:

Inappropriate outward airflow was observed in 38% of the IRs tested. Multiple factors were associated with outward airflow direction, including ventilation systems not balanced (54% of failed rooms), shared anterooms (14%), turbulent airflow patterns (11%), and automated control system inaccuracies (10%). Of the 140 tested rooms, 38 (27%) had either electrical or mechanical devices to monitor air pressurization continuously. The direction of airflow at the door to 50% (19/38) of these rooms was the opposite of that indicated by the continuous monitors at the time of our evaluations. The inability of continuous monitors to indicate the direction of airflow was associated with instrument limitations (74%) and malfunction of the devices (26%). In one facility, daily smoke testing by infection control staff was responsible for identifying the malfunction of a state-of-the-art computerized ventilation monitoring and control system in a room housing a patient infectious with drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Conclusion:

A substantial percentage of IRs did not meet the negative air pressure criterion. These failures were associated with a variety of characteristics in the design and operation of the IRs. Our findings indicate that a balanced ventilation system does not guarantee inward airflow direction. Devices that continuously monitor and, in some cases, control the pressurization of IRs had poor reliability. This study demonstrates the utility of using visible smoke for testing directional airflow of IRs, whether or not continuous monitors are used. Institutional tuberculosis control programs should include provisions for appropriate monitoring and maintenance of IR systems on a frequent basis, including the use of visible smoke.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 21 , Issue 3 , March 2000 , pp. 191 - 195
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2000

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