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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2025
When my marriage ends I am in the middle of reading Norwegian Wood. Traumatized by the news that Naoko, the enigmatic and troubled woman he loves, has committed suicide, Murakami's narrator, Watanabe Toru, packs his rucksack, empties his bank account and takes the first express train out of Tokyo. For months he wanders through Japan from town to town. He sleeps in doss houses and car parks, stations, and on beaches, eats anything or not all. Movement is meant to be the antidote to Watanabe's trauma and sorrow, and what Watanabe does inspires me. Shocked and grieving, I travel. I go back to Japan planning to leave my sorrow behind me, dump it in the exhaust of Pratt and Whitney jet engines, meditate it away at a Zen temple, return to the safety of a land that was once my home, forget the loss in work and weeks of wandering throughout southwestern Honshū. But once I go, what I find in Japan is more sorrow than I have ever known, more loss than it seems possible for any community to sustain. In my quest to escape my own sorrow I find many other sorrows layered across time and space in a Japan deeply etched by the traumas of catastrophe, traumatic memory and history. Once I am there in Japan, it is all so sad or so enduring in the sadness, that my own grief at losing the person I love more than any other is simultaneously exacerbated and absorbed by it.
1 Greg Mitchell, “The Great Hiroshima Cover-Up—And the Greatest Movie Never Made,” The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol 9, Issue 31 No 4, August 1, 2011, link, Accessed August 11, 2011.
2 Lisa Yoneyama, Hiroshima Traces: Time, space, and the dialectics of memory. (Berkeley; University of California Press, 1999), pp. 1-2.
3 Okada Reiko, Ōkunoshima: Dōingakuto no monogatari [Ōkunoshima: The Story of the Student Brigade], (Mihara: Toxic Gases Island Research Institute, 1989), p. 5.
4 Leonard Humphreys. The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese army in the 1920s. (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1995) p. 127.
5 Bu Ping, Nihon no Chūgoku shinryaku to dokugasu heiki [Japan's Invasion of China and Chemical Weapons] translated into Japanese by Yamabe Yukiko and Miyazaki Kyoshiro, (Tokyo: Akashi-shoten, 1995) p. 179.
6 Intelligence Report on Japanese Chemical Warfare, Volume II, The Chemical Warfare Research And Development Work Of The Japanese, 1 March 1946, Office of the Chief Chemical Officer, General Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces, Pacific, Tokyo, Japan
7 Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, “Research Notes on Japanese Poison Gas Warfare in China” p. 6. chinajapan.org/articles/05.1/05.1wakabayashi4-10.pdf Accessed May 12, 2011
8 Akahata, January 11 & 26, 2007, link, and May 25, 2010, link, Accessed July 25, 2011.
9 Shin Hae Bong, “Compensation for Victims of Wartime Atrocities: Recent Developments in Japan's Case Law.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 3 (2005), 190.
10 Okada Reiko, Ōkunoshima: Dōingakuto no monogatari [Ōkunoshima: The Story of the Student Brigade], (Mihara: Toxic Gases Island Research Institute, 1989) p. 12. English text translated from Japanese by Jean Inglis.
11 Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, “Research Notes on Japanese Poison Gas Warfare in China” p. 6. chinajapan.org/articles/05.1/05.1wakabayashi4-10.pdf Accessed May 12, 2011
12 Akahata, January 11 & 26, 2007, link and May 25, 2010, link, Accessed July 25, 2011.
13 Shin Hae Bong, “Compensation for Victims of Wartime Atrocities: Recent Developments in Japan's Case Law.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 3 (2005), 190.
14 Okada Reiko, Ōkunoshima: Dōingakuto no monogatari [Ōkunoshima: The Story of the Student Brigade], (Mihara: Toxic Gases Island Research Institute, 1989) p. 12. English text translated from Japanese by Jean Inglis.
15 Kōno Nobuyaki and Awaya Yukikazu, “Dokugasu to haigan” [Poison Gas and Lung Cancer], Nihon naika gakkai zasshi, Vol. 91, No.6, pp. 20-22.
16 Tanaka Yuki, “Poison Gas: The Story Japan Would Like to Forget.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1988, p. 19.
17 Shin Hae Bong, “Compensation for Victims of Wartime Atrocities: Recent Developments in Japan's Case Law.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 3 (2005), 187-206.
18 Murakami Haruki, Norwegian Wood. Translated by Jay Rubin. (London: The Harvill Press, 2001), p. 329.
19 Link. Accessed 08/01/2011.
20 Link. Accessed 08/01/2011
21 See this link.
22 Link. Accessed 08/04/2011
23 Link. Accessed 08/05/2011
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25 See Steven Heine, “From Rice Cultivation to Mind Contemplation: The Meaning of Impermanence in Japanese Religion.” History of Religions, Vol. 30, No. 4 (May, 1991), pp. 373-403
26 The Ten Foot Square Hut and Tales of the Heike. Translated by A. L. Sadler. (Kessinger Publishing, 2005) p. 1.
27 Murakami Haruki. “Speaking as an Unrealistic Dreamer” The Asia-Pacific Journal Vol 9, Issue 29 No 7, July 18, 2011. Accessed July 25, 2011.
28 Quoted in 2:46: Aftershocks: Stories from the Japan Earthquake, Patrick Sherriff, editor (London: Enhanced Editions, 2011). Location 826 in the Kindle for iPad edition.