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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 April 2016
The aim of this article is to bring to the attention of readers a series of significant examples of texts printed prior to 1700 and illustrated with images of medieval architecture in continental Europe. British illustrations of buildings and ruins from the Middle Ages have received relevant attention from modern scholarly writers, but studies of analogous continental examples are lacking. Illustrations of medieval architecture have been little considered in most studies of the Early Modern period, as compared with those of their sixteenth-to eighteenth-century counterparts. In addition, the few studies that do exist of the interest in medieval buildings and illustration of them, prior to the ‘age of mechanical reproduction’, have generally been restricted to monographs on individual antiquarians or else have focused on Enlightenment, Romantic and Positivist criticism, and have tended to concentrate on medieval revivalism. Furthermore, with the exception of a few studies on the perception of the Romanesque, the most frequently investigated category has been the Gothic. Hence, despite the existence of some crucial works, the perspectives adopted in research into Early Modern attitudes to medieval architecture have inevitably been limited. We still lack any comprehensive overview of the architecture of the Middle Ages as a whole (that is, including the Late Antique / Early Christian era), or any studies showing genuine interest in the late Renaissance and Baroque roots of subsequent antiquarian medievalism. This article, therefore, attempts to begin to fill such a lacuna by studying the architectural aspect of those pre-Enlightenment illustrations of medieval antiquities that appeared in continental Europe, and by considering scholars’ awareness of the entire medieval millennium.
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40 Deliciae urbis Romae, divinae et humanae: Anno Sacro lubilaei MDC (Rome, 1600), pp. a1–a2 Google Scholar.
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42 Previtali, La fortuna dei primitivi, pp. 32–36.
43 Tozzi, Simonetta, in Cavazzi, Lucia, Margotta, Anita and Tozzi, Simonetta, Vedute romane del Seicento nella raccolta grafica comunale (Rome, 1991), pp. 25–35 Google Scholar, 37.
44 See the section below, ‘Historia Sacra and the representation of Early Christian monuments’.
45 Thomas Noonan, F., The Road to Jerusalem. Pilgrimage and Travel in the Age of Discovery (Philadelphia, 2007)Google Scholar.
46 On Zuallart’s pilgrimage and travel account, see Noonan, The Road to Jerusalem, pp. 167–75.
47 Zuallart, Jean, Devotissimo viaggio di Gerusalemme (Rome, 1587), pp. air–v Google Scholar): ‘Quel che nel fatto posso compiacermi, è che mi vedo esser stato il primo che mi sono adoprato con la vista, che dei luoghi parte per parte scopriva, farne dissegni, i quali, per essere giudicati da quei ch’in quelle parti sono stati, verisimili et naturalissimi, ho sparso per l’opera, et per farle più sottilmente non ho risparmiato a fatiga o spesa alcuna sforzandomi, venuto in Roma, di farle disegnare meglio et farne intaglio per persone prattiche et famose nell’arte. Et se qualcosa vi manca, supplico et ammonisco i pietosi pellegrini et quelli che sono dotati di più sottile ingegno che ‘1 mio, che trovandosi nei luoghi qui descritti, non solo ad imitarne, ma a corregere et accrescere quest’opera, pigliandola non già per modello, ma per abbozzo, et me riputarò molto honorato da quei che si degnaranno farlo, et nei falli miei avvisarmene.’
48 Zuallart’s work may be seen as a technical and more refined counterpart to the Viaggio da Venetia al Santo Sepolchro (Venice, 1587)Google Scholar, attributed to the Franciscan Noè and published in the same year; here the most developed illustrations focus on individual monuments in Jerusalem, emphasising the venerable antiquity of early medieval edifices built on biblical sites.
49 Zuallart, Devotissimo viaggio, pp. 135, 199.
50 See Silvan, Pierluigi, ‘Le origini della pianta di Tiberio Alfarano’, Rendiconti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia, 6 (1992), pp. 3–23 Google Scholar.
51 Bagatti, Bellarmino, ‘Fra Bernardino Amico, disegnatore dei santuari palestinesi alla fine del ‘500’, Studi Francescani, 35 (1938), pp. 307–25 Google Scholar.
52 Tempesta’s illustrations were prepared for the first edition of the Trattato (Rome, 1609)Google Scholar, whereas Callot’s images were employed for the 1620 edition. For Tempesta and his relationship with the Oratorian circle, see Finocchiaro, Giuseppe, Cesare Baronio e la tipografia dell’Oratorio: Impresa e ideologia (Florence, 2005), pp. 87–91 Google Scholar; for Callot, see Dillon, Gian Vittorio, ‘Jacques Callot entre Rome et Florence : quelques remarques sur la formation du graveur’, in Jacques Callot (1592–1635), ed. Ternois, Daniel (Paris, 1993), pp. 65–89 Google Scholar.
53 Baldinucci, Filippo, Notizie de’ professori del disegno da Cimabue in qua (Florence, 1681), p. 113 Google Scholar. ‘[Callot] intagliò il frontespizio del libro intitolato: Trattato delle piante e immagini de’ sacri edifizj di Terra Santa, disegnate in Jerusalemme dal padre fra Bernardino Amico di Gallipoli, de’ minori osservanti, e similmente tutti gl’intagli contenuti in esso libro in numero di trentaquattro pezzi che sono le piante, profili, alzate e spaccati delle sacrate fabbriche di que’ luoghi, ove fu operata nostra redenzione; ed i rami di queste carte si conservano [...] nella Real Guardaroba del Granduca. E giacché parliamo di tal libro, non lascerò di dire, come Pietro della Valle, che ben vide que’ santi luoghi, ne’ suoi Viaggi, attesta che quanto si vede in questo libro del padre Bernardino Amico è degno d’ogni stima per essere in tutto e per tutto le sue figure somigliantissime al vero.’
54 See the ‘Esortatione a quelli che desiderano visitare li sudetti santi luoghi’, inserted at the end of the book.
55 Amico, Bernardino, Trattato delle piante et immagini de’ sacri edifizi di Terra Santa (Florence, 1619), pp. 5–10 Google Scholar.
56 Ibid., pp. 18–19.
57 As is well known, the Centuries were led by Matthias Flacius; on this, and for bibliographical references, see Lyon, Gregory B., ‘Baudoin, Flacius, and the Plan for the Magdeburg Centuries’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 64.2 (April 2003), pp. 253–72 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for Catholic reactions, see pp. 258–59 and related bibliography. On ‘Historia sacra’ and post-Tridentine historiography, see Ditchfield, Simon, Liturgy, Sanctity and History in Tridentine Italy. Pietro Maria Campi and the Preservation of the Particular (Cambridge, 1995)Google Scholar, and Simon Ditchfield, ‘Historia magistra sanctitatis. The Relationship between Historiography and Hagiography in Italy after the Council of Trent (1564–1742 ca.)’, in Nunc alia tempora, pp. 3–23 (pp. 3–5).
58 Ditchfield, Liturgy, Sanctity and History, pp. 45–67.
59 See, on Tempesta, Antonio and Thomassin, Philippe, Finocchiaro, Giuseppe, Cesare Baronio e la tipografia dell’Oratorio. Impresa e ideologia (Florence, 2005), pp. 44–47 Google Scholar.
60 The fundamental role of the Cardinal of Sora in fixing the basis of, and in promoting studies on, sacred archaeology inevitably also impacted upon the progress of knowledge about the Church’s architectural history: Carla Pisaniello, ‘Il significato storico del patrimonio artistico negli Annales’, in Baronio e l’arte, pp. 329–83 (pp. 351–83)
61 Thiery, ‘Il Medioevo nell’introduzione e nel proemio delle Vite’, pp. 359–61.
62 See Massimiliano Ghilardi, ‘Baronio e la “Roma sotterranea” tra pietà oratoriana e interessi gesuitici’, in Baronio e le sue fonti, pp. 435–87.
63 See Ghilardi, Massimiliano, Gli arsenali della fede. Tre saggi su apologia e propaganda delle catacombe romane (da Gregorio XIII a Pio XI) (Rome, 2006), pp. 41–46 Google Scholar.
64 On the beginning of archaeological studies and on early archaeological illustrations, see the classic account: Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, pp. 139–65,179–204.
65 A similar case in the region of Messina was the fortuitous discovery of the San Gaudioso Catacombs in Naples in 1577, celebrated with comparable enthusiasm. See Russo, Francesco, ‘La fortuna dei primitivi nella letteratura erudita campana. Napoli e Capua tra la fine del Cinquecento e la metà del Seicento’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Naples Federico II, 2006)Google Scholar, chapter 5: ‘La riscoperta delle catacombe nell’erudizione storica napoletana prima delle esplorazioni di Carlo Celano.’
66 Mirabella di Alagona, Vincenzo, Dichiarazioni della pianta dell’antiche Siracuse (Naples, 1613)Google Scholar, Introduction.
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68 Emanuele Ortolani, Giuseppe, Degli uomini illustri della Sicilia, 4 vols (Naples, 1817), 1, pp. 17–20 Google Scholar.
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71 The title page is dated 1632 but a Papal brief dated 1634 is inserted in front of the index. It therefore seems that the main text was prepared for printing in 1632, but that publication finally occurred two years later.
72 Borea, Evelina, ‘Bellori e la documentazione figurativa fra l’antico il moderno e il contemporaneo’, in L’idea del bello: viaggio per Roma nel Seicento con Giovan Pietro Bellori, ed. Borea, Evelina and Gasparri, Carlo (Rome, 2000), pp. 141–51 Google Scholar (p. 141). For Severano’s role in the edition of Bosio’s Roma Sotterranea, see Ghilardi, Gli arsenali della fede, pp. 48–53.
73 Borea, ‘Le stampe’, pp. 32–33, figs. 12–13.
74 See, respectively, Bosio, Roma sotterranea, I, lib. II, cap. XXII; lib. III, cap. XII, XXII; II, lib. IV, cap. IV, XIV.
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81 Papal brief, printed in the preliminary essay, dated 15 December 1616.
82 In fact, the basilica was built between 425 and 440, and was completed by Sixtus III: Krautheimer, Richard, ‘The Architecture of Sixtus III: A Fifth-Century Renaissance’, in Essays in Honour of Erwin Panofsky, ed. Meiss, Millard (New York, 1961), pp. 291–302 Google Scholar. Liberio was claimed to have played a significant role, but this was due to confusion between Santa Maria Maggiore and the ‘Basilica Liberiana’, cited concerning the famous legend transmitted by the Liber Pontificalis of the Holy Virgin’s inspiration on Liberio for the construction of the primitive nucleus of the church and also known as the ‘miracolo della neve’; see Cecchelli, Margherita, ‘S. Maria Maggiore e la Basilica Liberiana: considerazioni preliminari di una ricerca in atto’, in S. Maria Maggiore e Roma, ed. Luciani, Roberto (Rome, 1996), pp. 31–38 Google Scholar.
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84 This book was produced within the Jesuit milieu, as was made clear on the title page. This book also benefited from Jesuit patronage, as is indicated by the Jesuit Bernardino Stefonio’s epigram (Paolo de Angelis, Basilica Sanctx Marix Maioris, p. 4).
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86 ‘Et hoc pacto ubi ex historia lectione mens rei naturam conceperit, etiam oculis per delineationem satisfiat, ac proinde magis intelligentia sit expleta, eædem delineationes iis deservient, qui vel architecturam profitentur, vel in illa se oblectant, atque adeo reliquis artificibus, qui in lapidibus et picturis se exercent, cum talis basilicæ moles principes et praeteritarum ætatum, atque præsentis artifices recognoscat.’ Paolo de Angelis, Basilica Sanctæ Mariæ Maioris, ‘Lectori’, p. 2.
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95 Quote from Walsham, ‘Like Fragments of a Shipwreck’, pp. 99–102. See also Roberts, Dugdale and Hollar, pp. 50, 67.
96 Roberts, Dugdale and Hollar, p 51.
97 Aston, English Ruins, p. 252.
98 Parry, The Trophies of Time, pp. 235–36.
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121 See Wood, Alfred C., A History of the Levant Company (Oxford, 1935), pp. 100–07 Google Scholar.
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126 Ibid., I, pls VIII-XI.
127 For Ciampini’s fascination in Maurist erudition, see Pia Donato, Maria, ‘Le accademie romane e l’antiquaria: tre casi e alcune riflessioni’, in Dell’antiquaria e dei suoi metodi, ed. Vaiani, Elena (Pisa, 2001), pp. 139–45 Google Scholar (p. 140)
128 See Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past, pp. 188–92; Parry, The Trophies of Time, pp. 297–98.
129 Ciampini, , Vetera monimenta, I, pl. XIII Google Scholar.
130 Fontana, Carlo, Templum Vaticanum et ipsius origo (Rome, 1694), pp. 61–68 Google Scholar.
131 Ciampini, Aedificiis, pp. 9–10, pl. I.