Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 April 2016
‘When one meets most famous men, it is with a certain sense of disappointment; they so frequently appear to be less than their work, but Adshead seems greater.’ Perhaps this comment by the late Christian Barman explains why the importance of Stanley Davenport Adshead (1868–1947) may be underestimated in the current reassessment of early twentieth-century English architecture. His work as an architect is limited in extent, and as a planner, his achievement was more in preventing change than in causing it. He did not have the reputation as a teacher enjoyed by his self-promoting colleagues C. H. Reilly (1874–1947) and A. E. Richardson (1880–1964), but they and many other notable figures acknowledged his influence and guidance. In the Edwardian classical revival, Adshead introduced a scholarly approach to architecture appropriate to the needs of the time, and as a teacher and practitioner of planning, his attention to the visual qualities of places was exceptional.
1 The only existing study of Adshead is in Reilly, C. H., Representative British Architects of the Present Day (London 1931)Google Scholar.
2 See Reilly, C. H., Scaffolding in the Sky (London 1938)Google Scholar.
3 See Taylor, N., ‘Sir Albert Richardson, A Classic Case of Edwardianism’ in Edwardian Architecture and its Origins, ed. Service, A. (London 1975)Google Scholar, and Houfe, S., Sir Albert Richardson The Professor (Luton 1980)Google Scholar.
4 See ‘Edwin Alfred Rickards’ in Service, op. cit.
5 See Prior, E. S., ‘The Ghosts of the Profession’ in Architecture, a Profession or an Arti, ed. Shaw, N. and Jackson, T. G. (London 1892)Google Scholar.
6 See Adshead, , ‘Modern American Architecture and European Cities’ in Architectural Record, XXIX (1911), 113-25Google Scholar.
7 Adshead, ‘A New County Hall for London’. Typescript in possession of Mrs Bone.
8 Letter to the Editor of the Builder, 21 February 1908. Liverpool University Archives.
9 Adshead’s only executed work in Liverpool was the interior of the Liverpool Repertory Theatre, 1912.
10 See Calabi, D., Il Male Citta (Rome 1979)Google Scholar, Town Planning Review, 1910-, Adshead, , ‘Ideals of Civic Design’ in A Miscellany presented to Dr J. M. Mackay (Liverpool 1914)Google Scholar, and Lord Leverbulme, Catalogue of exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts, 1980.
11 See Pepper, S. and Swenarton, M., ‘Neo-Georgian maison-type’ in Architectural Review, CLXVIII (1980)Google Scholar.
12 Since there is evidence that the typescript of the memoir was taken down from Adshead’s dictation, it is printed here with certain editorial regularization of spelling, punctuation and typographical conventions.
13 J. Medland Taylor (1833-1909), often in partnership with Henry Taylor. ‘Their inventiveness of perversities and their crotchety motifs are unlimited, yet they were never short of clients.’ Pevsner, South Lancashire (1969), p. 43. Obit., Builder, 12 June 1909, p. 710.
14 Armitage Rigby (1860-1910), articled to Medland Taylor 1881-85, assistant 1885-86. Settled in the Isle of Man c.1890. See article in the Manxman, Spring 1976, by Peter Kelly.
15 Joseph Adshead settled in Manchester c.1820 and laid out the Victoria Park Estate. He was the dedicatee of Cruikshank’s ‘The Bottle’, and corresponded with Dickens on prison reform.
16 Technical Schools were established by this date in most cities. Building Construction was taught according to the syllabus of the Department of Science and Art. Rigby also attended these classes.
17 Recorded in Builder, LV (1888), 352.
18 Adshead’s RIBA Fellowhip nomination gives the name as Salomon and Steinthal.
19 George Sherrin (1843-1909), architect of Moorgate, Monument, South Kensington, High Street Kensington and Gloucester Road Underground Stations, c.1895-99, domestic work in ‘Old English’ and neo-Georgian styles, and office buildings in the City of London.
20 H. V. Lanchester (1863-1953), J. A. Stewart (d. 1902) and E. A. Rickards (1872-1920) formed a partnership in 1896 in order to enter twelve architectural competitions. Their success in the Cardiff Town Hall and Law Courts competition of 1897 (assessed by Alfred Waterhouse) launched them as one of the most successful firms for large public buildings. Lanchester’s skill in organization and planning complemented Rickard’s baroque inventiveness. Lanchester was also noted as a town planner in later years. Sherrin’s design for the Brompton Oratory is dated December 1894 (Information R. O’Donnell).
21 W. Dunn (1859-1934) worked for W. Flockhart and later for James McLaren whose practice he continued with R. Watson (d. 1916). Rickards worked for them before going to Leonard Stokes, Howard Ince and then to Sherrin, but may have been working for them part-time in 1892 when Adshead went there.
22 Sir Donald Currie (1825-1909), founder of the Castle Steamship Company and collector of works by Turner, Work at Combe Hill, Richmond, by Adshead and Ramsay in Architects Journal, 17 June 1931.
23 H. V. Ashley (1872-1945), in partnership with Winton Newman from 1907, designed Birmingham Council House Extension 1912, and Masonic Memorial Hall, Covent Garden, 1927-33.
24 James Howard Ince (d. 1920), attended architecture courses at University College, London, 1875. Royal Academy Gold Medal 1882. The drawings for Alfred Gilbert’s house are in the RIBA Drawings Collection. Rickards worked for him before joining Sherrin in 1892.
25 Sir Alfred Gilbert (1854-1934), the leading sculptor of his generation, famous for the Eros fountain (Shaftesbury Memorial) in Piccadilly Circus, 1893. In 1892 he began work on the monument to the Duke of Clarence for St George’s Chapel, Windsor, which although eventually a cause of financial loss to him, precipitated his building operations in Maida Vale. Queen Victoria visited his studio to see the model for her grandson’s monument, which may be the source for the story given here. Gilbert was declared bankrupt in 1904 and had to sell the house, which was subsequently demolished. Ince, as architect, seems also to have suffered, and no further works by him are recorded.
26 This must have been the silver-gilt and enamel mayoral chain for Preston, Lancashire, 1892.
27 This drawing of 1905 is in the RIBA Drawings Collection.
28 E. Guy Dawber (I861-1938) was Clerk of Works at Batsford Park, Glos., while recovering from eye strain caused by overwork in London. He started his practice in the Cotswolds before setting up a London office in 1891.
29 Ernest George (1839-1922), one of the most successful and influential architects of his time. His partner Peto retired in 1893.
30 Herbert Baker left for South Africa in March 1892, so Adshead’s memory is at fault, as he must have been with George in the summer of 1893.
31 The village of Buscot, Berkshire, for Arthur Henderson. Built 1893-97.
32 William Flockhart (c.1850-1913), pupil of Campbell Douglas, Glasgow, set up practice in London c.1885. Later in partnership with his son-in-law L. Rome Guthrie. Oliver Hill was articled to him 1907-10. Illustrated obituary by Adshead in Architect and Builder’s Journal, 21 May 1913.
33 James Douglas Fletcher (1857-1927), chairman of the Rosehaugh Tea and Rubber Co. Rosehaugh, Avoch, Ross and Cromarty, was completed in 1903, and demolished after Fletcher’s death. Adshead went there as Clerk of Works 1894-97. Exterior photograph and plan in Academy Architecture (1903), pp. 70. 77 (see pl. 36b).
34 2 Palace Court, Bayswater, 1891 for Patrick Ness.
35 Flockhart built 21-22 Old Bond Street and 47-48 New Bond Street for Duveen.
36 This method of working resembles that of Stanford White in America and Detmar Blow in England. Flockhart also did interiors with decorative schemes by Brangwyn and Conder for Sir Edmund Davis, 11-13 Lansdowne Road in 1900 (recently dismantled).
37 1897.
38 The Taunton architects were Samson and Cottam. Adshead’s winning design is in the Building News, LXXXV (1898), 815.
39 E. W. Mountford (1855-1908), winner of many competitions for Town Halls.
40 Salle d’Attente, New States Hall, Guernsey. Academy Architecture, XVI (1899), 7.
41 C. E. Mallows (1864-1915), also a former assistant of Flockhart. Proposed Adshead’s Fellowship of the RIBA in 1905.
42 See Reilly, C. H., Scaffolding in the Sky (London 1938), p. 51 Google Scholar. Interiors of the Old Bailey by Mountford, Builder, LXXVIII (1900), 58, Hare, H. T., Builder, LXXIX (1900), 58 Google Scholar, J. M. Brydon, ibid., p. 176, J. Belcher, ibid., p. 196, all drawn by Adshead. The other competitors were H. L. Florence and F. T. Baggallay, but their interior perspectives were not reproduced, and cannot be attributed.
43 Reproduced in Building News, LXXXI (1901), 656.
44 Reproduced in Academy Architecture, xx (1901), 17.
45 Alfred Cox (1868-1944), articled to H. L. Florence. A. A. Medal 1891. In partnership with F. E. Williams from 1912. Temporary partnership with Sir Frank Baines for I.C.I. Buildings and Thames House, Millbank. Perhaps Mountford’s work should be reassessed in the light of the information given here.
46 Selected design by Scott, J. N. and Campbell, A. Lome, Building News, LXXXIII (1902), 114 Google Scholar.
47 Perspective in Builder, LXXXVI (1904), 155. Still extant and largely unaltered.
48 H. T. Hare (1860-1921), designer of many Town Halls and Libraries.
49 Photographs in Building News, LXXXVII (1904), 432. All interiors destroyed.
50 The diagram intended for the text here is missing.
51 ’Adams style’ was a term much used by decorators from the 1880s into the twentieth century. The Doric Columns on the Pavilion suggest a later period.
52 The theatre at Versailles by J. A. Gabriel, 1770.
55 Whatever the lessee of the Assembly Rooms may have meant by ‘art nouveau’, the term was always used pejoratively by English architects.
54 Alfred Hayward, 1875-1971. William George Robb, 1872-1940.
55 Office for the Bennett Steamship Co., 1908. It is next to Colonial House designed by C. H. Reilly for Stanley Peach, 1903.
56 Possibly Pontypridd Y.M.C.A. Building. Selected design by Hodge, Vernon and Keys, P. H., Building News, XCIV (1908), 105 Google Scholar.
57 Papers read by Adshead to local architectural Societies include ‘Style in Architectural Draughts-manship’, RIBA Journal, XIV (1907), 485, and ‘Style in Architecture’, RIBA Journal, XVI (1909), 304.
58 See Introduction. In an essay written to complement Adshead’s Memoir in 1946, C. H. Reilly described how the idea of a Department of Town Planning ‘occurred to me walking down the Liverpool slum known as Brownlow Hill from the University to the University Club at the bottom. I turned in there and wrote a letter to that grand old man W. H. Lever, founder of the great firm of Lever Bros and afterwards the first Lord Leverhulme. I put the case to him and in less than a week he had not only promised the new Chair but a lectureship as well and a quarterly journal to be called later The Town Planning Review.
’The problem then, with no professional town planners yet in the country . . . was whom to recommend to the University for the new professorship. I had no doubt myself. It must be my old philosophical friend Stanley Adshead and being the only man on the Senate of Liverpool at that time with an allied Chair. . . . the appointment in practice if not in theory rested in my hands.’ [From typescript in possession of Mrs Bone.] Adshead’s title was ‘Associate Professor’ for the first two years.
In a companion piece to Reilly’s, Patrick Abercrombie wrote, ‘My association with Adshead at the Liverpool School of Civic Design was a happy one. For some time while lecturing in the School of Architecture under Reilly, I had been leaning mentally towards Townplanning and here was the opportunity at last to work under the newly appointed head of the newly created Department. And what a figure this was: he was big when he came, but he never ceased growing; the very opposite of the neatly equipped academic personality . . . Much of the work of those early years was done in the old Blue Coat Building, in whose numerous small rooms Adshead maintained a continuous exhibition of every conceivable aspect of town and country — old prints, photographs, maps of town planning schemes, legal diagrams and draught forms, designs for housing schemes and projects for Capital Cities (I remember well the show we had for Canberra). And everywhere books, reports, pamphlets, old and new, the latter largely supplied in exchange for Town Planning Review copies. Through it all stalked Adshead, often dreaming, generally absentminded, forgetful of what things were one moment but intense upon some practical problem the next. . . . Adshead was emphatically not, in the academic sense, a good lecturer; but what students who have anything in them are bothered by that, so long as they know their professor can do things, both in his own work and in their studies? He was capable of looking at a drawing, rubbing his chin gently smiling for five minutes and then without comment, or some remark under his breath colloquial but devastating washing or rubbing the whole thing out. I have seen a student actually in tears; but then came the illuminating constructive suggestion cutting through all the mass of toilsome detail, and before he had finished his rough sketches, the student was convinced and cheerfully set to work again to produce something solid and simple in the end.’ [From typescript in possession of Mrs Bone.]
59 Stanley Churchill Ramsey (1882-1969), Gold Medallist (Architecture) King’s College London. Articled to Stanley Peach and subsequently his partner. Designed a row of shops in Preston, Lancashire, ‘in the Brighton Regency style’ in 1907, and a neo-Grec pavilion at Margate 1911. Partnership with Adshead 1911-31. Author of Small Houses of the Late Georgian Period 1750-1820 (London 1919), vol. 2, Details and Interiors, with Harvey, J. D. M. (1923)Google Scholar. Editor of ‘Masters of Architecture’ Series (Benn 1924), which included Reilly’s monograph on McKim, Mead and White, and his own on Inigo Jones.
60 Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), philosopher of Town Planning, biologist and sociologist. Founder of Edinburgh Outlook Tower 1892, of Cities and Town Planning Exhibition 1911. Author of Cities in Evolution (1915). His ideas were influential in the Liverpool Department of Civic Design. For this trip see : Housing Bureau Papers. Official Report of the Continental Town Planning Tour arranged by the National Housing Reform Council. Easter 1909.
61 Percy Worthington (1864-1939), notable designer of hospitals and member of the Manchester architectural dynasty.
62 Walter Peacock (1871-1956), Hon. ARIBA, Keeper of the Records of the Duchy of Cornwall 1908-30. Ramsey described him as ‘a man of great culture and taste’. The designs for the Estate in Kennington were developed in collaboration, as described by Ramsey : ‘Our method was for each of us to take individual blocks and then proceed to criticize each other’s work; it not infrequently happened that a drawing which started on one partner’s board finished on the other’s. From the outset Adshead insisted that it was to be a Royal Estate and it was he who laid down the broad principles of development. There remained, and do remain to this day, many fine examples of late eighteenth century and Regency buildings in the neighbourhood, and we decided that the architectural expression for the new buildings should be a modern transcript of these styles. From the outset Adshead favoured the Regency, whilst I was more enamoured of the late eighteenth-century prototypes and the work we did together reflects these two, not necessarily conflicting, phases.’ [From typescript in possession of Mrs Bone.]
The estate was illustrated in Architect and Builder’s Journal, 1914, p. 151 (article by A. Trystan Edwards) and Country Life, 6 June 1915, Supplement pp. 2-8 (article by Lawrence Weaver).
63 C. Stanley Peach (1858-1934). Reilly was introduced to him by R. Elsey Smith of King’s College, London (see Scaffolding in the Sky, p. 56) and sent Ramsey, his prize student, to be articled to him, as well as introducing Adshead for ‘ghosting’ work such as the interior of the Haymarket Theatre 1904, and perspectives such as that for a Generating Station in Grove End Road, N.W.8. See Stamp, G. and Harte, Boyd, Temples of Power (Burford 1979)Google Scholar.
64 There must be a basis of truth in this suggestion.
65 See Introduction. The drawings were not published, but the perspective by Adshead which was given to Ramsey in 1946 is reproduced in Reilly, C. H., ed. The Liverpool Architectural Sketchbook (1910), p. 16 Google Scholar.
66 Adshead held this post until retiring in 1935. Abercrombie, who succeeded him at Liverpool in 1914, followed him again.