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Archaeology in Central Italy and Etruria, 1968–73

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 October 2012

David Ridgway
David Ridgway
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, The University, Edinburgh
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Brief Report
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Archaeological Reports , Volume 20 , November 1974 , pp. 42 - 59
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Copyright © Authors, the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies and the British School at Athens 1974

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References

1 Suppliers of information and photographs concerning specific areas and sites are thanked individually; for advice, books, discussion, offprints and practical help I am additionally indebted to: G. Bartoloni, G. Bermond Montanari, L. Bonfante Warren, F. Castagnoli, L. Cavagnaro Vanoni, G. Colonna, E. Colonna di Paolo, M. Cristofani, M. Cristofani Martelli, G. Gualandi, A. W. Johnston, A. La Regina, E. La Rocca, G. Maetzke, G. A. Mansuelli, A. McCann, C. Morigi Govi, C. E. Östenberg, P. Pacini Bocci, M. Pallottino, K. M. Phillips, L. Quilici, S. Quilici Gigli, G. Riccioni, P. Santoro, F. R. Serra Ridgway, R. Scarani, P. Sommella, A. Sommella Mura, A. Talocchini, M. Torelli, G. Uggeri, S. Uggeri Patitucci, F. Zevi.

2 Ramsay, A. M., JRS xv (1925) 60–74Google Scholar; OCD2 s.v. [Postal service]. I thankfully acknowledge a grant from the Munro Committee, Edinburgh University, which enabled me to visit Italy during the Easter vacation, 1974.

3 Banti, L., The Etruscan Cities and their Culture (London: Batsford, 1973).Google Scholar Reviews of the Italian editions (Il mondo degli Etruschi, 1960, 19692) : JRS liii (1963) 232–3, lxi (1971) 312. Pallottino, M., The Etruscans (London: Allen Lane, 1974)Google Scholar: 2nd English ed., based on the 6th (1968) Italian ed. and in corporating additional material that appeared in the 1973 reprint (Milan: Hoepli). At a different level, Macnamara, E., The Everyday Life of the Etruscans (London: Batsford, 1973)Google Scholar is a healthy antidote to less authoritative popular books that purport to cover all or part of the same ground : one of these is criticised by the present writer in Antiquity xlviii (1974) 190–95, esp. 192 ff. See also, for the Mediterranean as a whole, Heurgon, J., The rue of Rome, to 264 B.C. (London: Batsford, 1973)Google Scholar; and, on the Romanisation of Etruria, Harris, W. V., Rome in Etruria and Umbria (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).Google Scholar

4 Pallottino, M., Civiltà artistica etrusco-italica (Florence: Sansoni, 1971)Google Scholar is an admirable introduction to material culture, with a useful classified bibliography.

5 Boitani, F., Cataldi, M., Pasquinucci, M. (ed. Coarelli, F.), Le Città Etrusche (Milan: Mondadori. 1973).Google Scholar There are also many new pictures in Bianchi Bandinelli, R. and Giuliano, A., Etruschi e Italici prima del dominio di Roma (Milan: Rizzoli, 1973Google Scholar; French ed., Paris: Gallimard, 1973).

6 Rhodes, D. E., Dennis of Etruria (London: Cecil and Amelia Woolf, 10 Kingly St., London Wi, 1973).Google Scholar

7 Catalogue: Cianfarani, V., Antiche civiltà d'Abruzzo (Rome: De Luca, 1969).Google Scholar See also id., Culture adriatiche d'Italia: antichità tra Piceno e Sannio prima dei Romani (Rome: De Luca, 1970) ; id., Schede del Museo Nazionale, ser. 1 and 2 (Chieti : Soprintendenza, 1971, 1972); id., Expedition xiv: 4 (Summer 1972) 27–32. Material from Alfedena, Capestrano and Loreto Aprutino was also included in the 1969 exhibition; see further Pallottino, M. in Adriatica praehistorica et antiqua (Miscellanea G. Novak: Zagreb, 1970) 285–99.Google Scholar Figs. 1–3 are taken from the (unnumbered) Schede and were associated in the rich chariot-burial, tomb 2; for further details, see the appropriate thematic sections of the Catalogue cit., where Fig. 1 = no. 164, Fig. 2 = no. 91, Fig. 3 = no. 108.

8 E.g. Catalogue cit. nos. 1–5 and pis. 1–8.

9 Ricci Portoghesi, L., ArchCl xviii (1966) 16–22Google Scholar; Roncalli, F., Le lastre dipinte da Cerveteri (1965) 101 f. and pl. 29.Google Scholar

10 La nécropole préromaine d'Aléria 1960–1968 (XXV e Suppl. Gallia: 1973) 455 no. 1815 and pl. 148 (‘cuirasse kardiophylax’); see review by Colonna, G., StEtr xli (1973) 566–72, esp. 568 f.Google Scholar

11 Colonna, G., Bronzi votivi umbro-sabellici a figura umana, I Periodo ‘arcaico’ (1970) no. 374 and pl. 86.Google Scholar

12 Cianfarani, , Culture adriatiche cit., 147 ff.Google Scholar, 153 f., pl. M, figs. 164 f.; La Regina, A., DialArch iv–v (1970–1971) 457 f.Google Scholar

13 Cianfarani, , op. cit., 138–42Google Scholar, 146, figs. 141–62, 168 f.

11 I am grateful to Professor La Regina for providing me with the basis of the following section and with Fig. 4.

15 ArchClxiv (1962) 80–107.

16 Miller 372: ad Canales?

17 Colonna, , Bronzi cit. nos. 455–62 and pls. 111–12.Google Scholar

18 Plan: Blanck, H., ArchAnz (1970) 337Google Scholar Abb. 86. Pietrab-bondante inscriptions are discussed by La Regina, A., DialArch iv–v (1970–1971) 456 f.Google Scholar (Vetter 154) and by Lejeune, M., REL l (1972) 94Google Scholar fr. (Vetter 150); see also Pariente, A. in Homenaje a A. Tovar (1972) 370 ff.Google Scholar

19 Catalogue: Roma medio-repubblicana (Rome: SPQR, 1973).

20 For Gjerstad and other Swedes, see A. Hedvall ‘Index of publications’ and Hägg, R. ‘Italy and Rome’ in Swedish Arch aeological Bibliography 1966–1970 (1972) 249–318passim and 202–24.Google Scholar

21 Führer durch die öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer Altertümer in Rom (Tübingen: Wasmuth/DAI): i (1963) Musei Vaticani; ii (1966) Musei Capitolini, etc.; iii (1969) 466–862, Villa Giulia; iv (1972) Museo Ostiense, etc.

22 S. Quilici Gigli, NSc forthcoming; Sommella, P., ArchCl xxi (1969) 18 n. 2Google Scholar; Quilici, L., Urbanistica liv–lv (1969) nos. 1872–3.Google Scholar

23 On the ‘Ostia side’, I am grateful to Dr G. Bartoloni for a guided visit, and to Professor F. Zevi for much of the informa tion on which the following account is based and for Figs. 5–7. See further: Zevi, F. and Bedini, A., StEtr xli (1973) 27–44Google Scholar; Bartoloni, G., Le tombe nn. 23 e 68bis della necropoli arcaica di Castel di Decima = Documenti Ostiensi ii (1974: 32 pp.; 13 pls.).Google Scholar

24 Zevi, and Bedini, , StEtr cit. pl. 7a.Google Scholar

25 Strøm, I., Problems concerning the origin and early development of the Etruscan Orientalizing style (Odense, 1971)Google Scholar, usefully reviewed by Colonna, G., StEtr xl (1972) 565–9Google Scholar and Bonfante Warren, L., AJA lxxvii (1973) 100–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

26 On which in general see Ampolo, C., DialArch iv–v (1970–1971) 37–09Google Scholar, with discussion.

27 Ridgway, D. in Greeks, Celts and Romans (ed. C., and Hawkes, S., 1973) 5–38Google Scholar and StEtr forthcoming; G. Buchner forthcoming (paper to Centre Bérard, Autumn 1973). Cf. also the situation in contemporary Cyprus: Coldstream, J. N., Praktika tou prolou Diethnous Kyprologikou Synedriou A' (1972) 15–22.Google Scholar Routes from Campania: Quilici Gigli, S., StEtr xxxviii (1970) 364–6Google Scholar and P. Sommella, ibid, xxxix (1971 ) 393–407.

28 AR 1967–68 33. Plans: Ioppolo, G., RendPont xliv (1971–1972) 4, 6, 7, 9.Google Scholar

29 Nibby, A., Analisi … della carta de' dintorini di Roma (1837) II, 572Google Scholar; Dion. Hai. Ili, 38; Livy I, xxxiii, 3.

30 Quilici Gigli, S., ArchCl xxiii (1971) 26–36.Google Scholar

31 Zevi, and Bedini, , StEtr cit. 43 f. (postscript).Google Scholar

32 Quilici, L., ArchCl xxiii (1971) 1–11.Google Scholar

33 Castagnoli, F., Lavinium I: Topografia generale, fonti e storia delle ricerche (Rome, De Luca: 1972).Google ScholarLavinium II (the altars) is in proof.

34 Preliminary report: Sommella, P., RendPont xliv (1971–1972) 47–74Google Scholar, whence Fig. 8, and now id., Gymnasium lxxxi (1974) 273–97. The definitive account will appear in Lavinium III. I am grateful to Professor Sommella for snowing me the material from the Heroon and elsewhere.

35 Dion. Hal. I, 64, 4–5; Castagnoli, F., ArchCl xix (1967) 246 f.Google Scholarn. 43.

36 Sommella, P., ArchCl xxi (1969) 18–33.Google Scholar

37 Catalogue: Civiltà arcaica dei Sabini: le scoperte della necropoli di Colle del Forno (Rome: CNR, 1973). I am grateful to Dr Santoro for information.

38 ArchCl-uvi (1964) 1–12.

39 See meanwhile Poucet, J. in Aufstieg und Niedergang cit. I (1972) 48–135Google Scholar and Devoto, G., StEtr xxxix (1971) 107–14.Google Scholar

40 Catalogue: Nuovi Tesori dell'antica Tuscia (Viterbo: Associazione Tuscia, 1970). Beakers: Antiquity xlvi (1972) 52.

41 I am grateful to Dr M. Aylwin Cotton for these further particulars.

42 NSc (1963) 90 fig. 4a; BSA lxviii (1973) 191–2. For a view of Quattro Fontanili in its wider Italian and European setting, see Kilian, K., Jahrb. Röm.-Germ, Zentralmuseums Mainz xvii(1970) 63–83.Google Scholar

43 Colonna, G., StEtr xxxvi (1968) 265–71 and pl. 68.Google ScholarCf. J. N. Coldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery (1968) pl. 62b. On the type see now M. Cristofani Martelli's text, CVA Geta (ii, 1973) II D, pl. 33 nos. 1–4. A useful survey of early Etruscan inscriptions: Cristofani, M., AnnPisa2 xxxviii (1969) 99–113.Google Scholar

44 Interim report: Pallottino, M., ArchCl xxiii (1971) 273–6.Google Scholar I am grateful to Dr Francesca Melis for the information that follows.

45 Nuovi Tesori cit. (note 40 above) 60–2 and pl. xx (see also pls. C. and xxi: fr. of high-relief from Temple A).

46 La Via Aurelia = Quad. 1st. Top. Ant. iv (1968) 75–87.

47 Cf. Buchner, G., DialArch iii (1969)Google Scholar fig. 26 (Pithekoussai) and the sixth century comparanda cited ibid. 101 n. 10 (Marseilles, Roussillon, Ampurias, etc.).

48 Paribeni, E., ArchCl xxi (1969) 53–7Google Scholar; G. Colonna ibid., 295–6. The most up-to-date published picture is ibid, xxiii (1971) pl. 85.

49 Le lamine di Pyrgi = QuadLinc cxlvii (1970).

50 Moretti, M., Nuovi monumenti della pittura etrusco (1966) 84–5, 257.Google Scholar

51 Id., La pittura etrusco tarquiniese (forthcoming).

52 Proposta per un parco archeologico-naturale in Tarquinia (Rome: Comitato … Tuscia, 1971, ‘fuori commercio’); see also Jones, G. D. B., Rescue News (No. 3: Spring 1973) 5.Google Scholar

53 I am grateful to Dr Francesca Boitani for providing me, at Professor Torelli's request, with the basis of the following account and with Figs 9–11. Preliminary report on the first two campaigns: Torelli, M., NSc (1971) 195–299Google Scholar (with pottery reports, etc., by F. Boitani, G. Lilliu and T. Rasmussen); see also id., ParPass xxvi (1971) 44–67. Attic rf: Tronchetti, C., AnnPisa3 iii (1973) 707–16.Google Scholar

54 Quilici, L. in La Via Aurelia cit. (note 46, above) 107–20.Google Scholar

55 Her. IV, 152; Johnston, A. W., ParPass xxvii (1972) 416–23.Google Scholar

56 The 200 square km. surveyed produced a total of 477 sites, including 104 of pre-Roman date.

57 Ward Perkins, J. B., Antiquity xli (1967) 127Google Scholar, xlii (1968) 90, xliii (1969) 99 f.

58 BPI lxxviii (1969) 79–145.

59 But see Vianello, A. P., StEtr xxxv (1967) 295–306Google Scholar on a ‘Protovillanovan’ grave-group from Veii. Recent English attempts to explain the ‘Protovillanovan’ in terms of a Central European Urnfield ‘influx of ideas or even people from across the Alps’ seem to the present writer to come perilously close to a revival of the Pigorini hypothesis: Barfield, L., Northern Italy before Rome (1971) 99, 106Google Scholar; cf. Whitehouse, R., PBSR xxxvii (1969) 60.Google Scholar

60 Barker, G., Proc. Prehist. Soc. xxxviii (1972) 187–9.Google Scholar

61 Wetter, E., Östenberg, C. E., Moretti, M., Med Kungen på Acquarossa (Malmö: Allhem, 1972).Google Scholar I am grateful to Dr Östenberg for Fig. 13.

62 Andren, A., Lectiones Boëthianae i (Stockholm, 1971)Google Scholar = OpRom viii (1972) 1–16, with extensive illustrations and bibliography : add now A. C. Brown in this issue of AR.

63 Catalogue: Gli Etruschi: nuove ricerche e scoperte (Viterbo: Associazione Tuscia, 1972).

64 I am grateful to Drs Feruglio and Ponzi Bonomi for providing me with the basis of the following section and with Figs. 14 and 15.

65 StEtr xxxiv (1966) 302–3.

66 Ibid, xli (1973) 293–5.

67 Ibid, xxxiv (1966) 305, xxxvii (1969) 280.

68 Bizzarri, M. in Studi sulla città antica (Bologna, 1970)Google Scholar; id. in Boll. 1st. Storico-Artistico Orvietano xix–xx ( 1963–64).

69 Cagiano de Azevedo, M., ParPass xxvii (1972) 239–45Google Scholar; and see also R. A. Staccioli, ibid. 246–52.

70 Calzoni, U., StEtr x (1936) 329–39Google Scholar; Cipolloni, M., Origini v (1971) 149–91.Google Scholar

71 Annibaldi, G., Studi Maceratesi iv (1970) 236 ff.Google Scholar and pls. 1–8; Muove scoperte di antichità picene (exhibition catalogue: San Severino Marche, 1972) 41 f.; Notiziario 515–17, pls xcvi–xcviii. On the Quinto Fiorentino parallels, see Caputo, G., Arte Antica e Moderna (1962) 68Google Scholar, pl. 16e; id., La Tomba della Montagnola (Sesto Fiorentino: 1969) 65 f. I am grateful to Dr Scichilone for Fig. 16.

72 StEtr xxxvii (1969) 273–9, xxxviii (1970) 251–5, xxxix (1971) 301–4, xl (1972) 357–60.

73 Catalogues: Restauri Archeologici and Nuove letture di monu menti etruschi (Florence: Olschki for Soprintendenza, 1969 and 1971) 301–4, xl (1972) 357–60.

74 Poggio dell'Impiccato, tomb 78: Hencken, H., Tarquinia (1968) 156 fig. 143. See nowGoogle ScholarBartoloni, G., ArchCl xxiii (1971) 252–7.Google Scholar

75 Cristofani, M. and Fronzaroli, P., StEtr xxxix (1971) 313–31.Google Scholar

76 Poggio alla Guardia, tomb 7: Falchi, I., Vetulonia (1891) 76 ff.Google Scholar esp. 81. See now Maggiani, A., StEtr xli (1973) 73–95.Google Scholar

77 Macchiabate cemetery, tomb S: Zancani Montuoro, P., Atti Mem. Soc. Magna Grecia xi–xii (1970) 9–33Google Scholar; the Macchiabate seal (op. cit. 28) is the first of its kind to bear an inscription in Phoenician characters-probably a proper name. On the Phoenician contribution to Etruscan Orientalizing in general, see now Moscati, S., Problematica della civiltà fenicia (1973) ch. 9.Google Scholar

78 I am grateful to Dr Cristofani Martelli for showing me this Elba material, which she ‘inherited’ recently; see further Notiziario 525 f.

79 Pasquinucci, M., Mélanges A lxxxiv (1972) 269–498Google Scholar (black glaze in the Museo Guarnacci) ; M. Cristofani and M. Cristofani Martelli, ibid. 499–514 (‘ceramica presigillatay’). On urns see also: Pairault, Fr.-H., Recherches sur quelques séries d'urnes de Volterra à representations mythologiques = Coll. de l'Ecole Française de Rome xx (1972)Google Scholar; ead., DialArch vi (1972) 11–35.

80 Preliminary reports: Laviosa, C., StEtr xxxvii (1969) 577–609Google Scholar; ead., P. Bocci Pacini, D. Canocchi, ibid. xxxix (1971) 521–66.

81 StEtr xxxvii (1969) 607 f.; G. Bergonzi, ibid. xli (1973) 3–25.

82 Lamboglia, N., RivStLig xxvi (1960), xxx (1964).Google Scholar

83 Plan: AJA lxvi (1972) 250, ill. 1; DialArch vi (1972) 169. The relation between the different areas is shown in AJA lxxiv (1970) 242, ill. 1.

84 Cf. Boardman, J. and Hayes, J., Tocra I (1968) 120 f.Google Scholar, no. 1218 and fig. 55 (Rhodian: their type ix); Villard, F. and Vallet, G., Mélanges lxvii (1955) 18 f.Google Scholar, fig. 3 (Syracuse: their type A-2).

85 AJA lxvii (1973) 322 f., ills. 1–2 and pl. 57, figs. 10–11.

86 Szilagyi, J. G., StEtr xl (1972) 70–2.Google Scholar

87 DialArch vi (1972) 181, 192.

88 AJA xlv (1941) 71 f.

89 On the ancestors of Republican fora see Boëthius, A. and Ward Perkins, J. B., Etruscan and Roman Architecture (1970) 122.Google Scholar The Poggio Civitate evidence was not known to them.

90 Catalogue (English and Italian editions): Poggio Civitate: the archaic Etruscan sanctuary (Florence: Olschki for Soprinten denza, 1970).

91 Gli Etruschi cit. (note 63, above) 101–8, pis. 29–30; see also Andren, Lectiones cit. (note 62, above), passim.

92 Add to the list in AR 1967–68 45 n. 55: AJA lxxii (1968) 121–4, lxxiii (1969) 333–9, lxxiv (1970) 241–4, lxxv (1971) 257–61 . lxxvi (1972) 249–55, lxxvii (1973) 319–26; Archaeology xxi (1968) 252–61; NSc (1969) 38–50. I am most grateful to Professor Phillips for sending me the MS of the latest preliminary report in advance of its publication in AJA lxxviii (1974), and for helpful correspondence. I am indebted to Dr Cristofani Martelli for her good offices in obtaining Figs. 17–22 and the front cover photograph.

93 Mould, also in the local clay: AJA lxxv (1971) 260 and pl. 57> figs. 32–3 (for lateral sima heads).

94 Good examples: AJA lxxiii (1969) pl. 82, fig. 13 (plaque); ibid, lxxvii (1973) 325, ill. 3 and pl. 56, fig. 12 (complete: plaque and cover tile).

95 A supplement to the same author's classification of the potnia theron motif on bucchero vases: StEtr xxxvii (1969) 413–42.

96 Gozzadini, G., Intorno ad alcuni sepolcri scoperti all'Arsenale Militare di Bologna (1875)Google Scholar; Montelius, , CivPrim I pl. 87Google Scholar, 3; Carancini, G. L., BPI lxxviii (1969) 277–88.Google Scholar

97 ArchCl xxiii (1971) 211–35. I am grateful to Dr Morigi Govi for Figs. 23 and 24.

98 It will be published by the Istituto per la Storia di Bologna. On the protohistory of Emilia and Romagna, see Müller-Karpe, H., Beiträge zur Chronologie der Urnenfelder zeit … (1959) 74–88Google Scholar and more recently Bermond Montanari, G., StRomagnoli xxi (1970) 343–51Google Scholar; Scarani, R., NSc (1970) 35–68Google Scholar is a useful collection of recent finds in Emilia, and includes an archaeological map of the Verucchio area (67, fig. 30). There is much of interest in Padusa (Rovigo: = Bollettino del Centro Polesano di Studi storici archeologici etnografici). See in general L. Barfield, Northern Italy cit. (note 59, above).

99 StRomagnoli xx (1969) 295–331.

100 Gualandi, G., Atti Mem. … Romagna xx (1969) 47–67.Google Scholar I am grateful to Professor Gualandi for information about the Villa Cassarini site and for Figs. 25 and 26. On sanctuaries and votive deposits in Etruria Padana in general, see id., StEtr xlii (1974) forthcoming and L. Folio, ibid, on the bronzes.

101 Mansuelli, G. A., Mélanges A lxxxiv (1972) 111–44Google Scholar; see also id., Emilia Preromana vi (1970) 53–71.

102 Latest summary: Pairault, Fr.-H., Mélange A lxxxiv (1972) 145–97.Google Scholar

104 On runes and the caput Adriae, see Hawkes, C. F. C. in Adriatica cit. (note 7, above) 399–407.Google Scholar

105 JVSc (1969) 1–33; StEtr xxxvii (1969) 213–28; Atti Mem. … Romagna xx (1969) 87–97.