Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T10:39:45.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Theoretical Perspectives on Writing*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2010

Extract

The word “writing” refers not only to text in written script but also to the acts of thinking, composing, and encoding language into such text; these acts also necessarily entail discourse interactions within a socio-cultural context. Writing is text, is composing, and is social construction. This threefold distinction—between text analytic, composing process, and social constructivist views of writing—has served usefully to distinguish the major orientations adopted in inquiry into second language writing and to circumscribe the implications they have for instruction (e.g., Grabe and Kaplan 1996, Raimes 1991, Silva 1990).

Type
Theoretical Perspectives on the Four Language Skills
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

UNANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albrechtsen, D. 1997. A discourse analysis of narrative essays written in English by Danish students. In Pogner, K. (ed.) Writing: Text and interaction. Odense, Denmark: Odense University. 140. [Odense Working Papers in Language and Communication 14.]Google Scholar
Aljaafreh, A. and Lantolf, J.. 1994. Negative feedback as regulation and second language learning in the zone of proximal development. Modern Language Journal. 78.465483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akyel, A. and Kamisli, S.. 1997. Composing in first and second languages: Possible effects of EFL writing instruction. In Pogner, K. (ed.) Writing: Text and interaction. Odense, Denmark: Odense University. 69105. [Odense Working Papers in Language and Communication 14.]Google Scholar
Archibald, A. 1994. The acquisition of discourse proficiency: A study of the ability of German school students to produce written texts in English as a foreign language. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Atkinson, D. and Ramanathan, V.. 1995. Cultures of writing: An ethnographic comparison of L1 and L2 university writing/language programs. TESOL Quarterly. 29.539568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auerbach, E. 1992. Making meaning, making change: Participatory curriculum development for adult ESL literacy. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems.Google Scholar
Bardovi-Harlig, K. 1995. A narrative perspective on the development of the tense/aspect system in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 17.263291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belcher, D. 1995. Writing critically across the curriculum. In Belcher, D. and Braine, G. (eds.) Academic writing in a second language: Essays on research and pedagogy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. 135154.Google Scholar
Bell, J. 1995. The relationship between LI and L2 literacy: Some complicating factors. TESOL Quarterly. 29.687704.Google Scholar
Benesch, S. 1996. Needs analysis and curriculum development in EAP: An example of a critical approach. TESOL Quarterly. 30.723738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bisaillon, J. 1997. Interrelations entre la mise en texte, la revision et le traitement de texte chez quatre scripteurs en language seconde. [Relations between composing, revision, and word-processing among four second-language writers.] Canadian Modern Language Review. 53.530565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braine, G. 1996. ESL students in first-year writing courses: ESL versus mainstream classes. Journal of Second Language Writing. 5.91107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canagarajah, A. S. 1997. Safe houses in the contact zone: Coping strategies of African-American students in the academy. College Composition and Communication. 48.173196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, J. and Nelson, G.. 1996. Chinese students' perceptions of ESL peer response group interaction. Journal of Second Language Writing. 5.119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casanave, C. 1995. Local interactions: Constructing contexts for composing in a graduate sociology program. In Belcher, D. and Braine, G. (eds.) Academic writing in a second language: Essays on research and pedagogy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. 83110.Google Scholar
Connor-Linton, J. 1995. Cross-cultural comparison of writing standards: American ESL and Japanese EFL. World Englishes. 14.99115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumming, A. 1996. IEA's studies of language education: Their scope and contributions. In H. Goldstein (ed.) The IEA Studies. 201–214. [Special issue of Assessment in Education. 3.]Google Scholar
Cumming, A. (ed.) 1994. Bilingual performance in reading and writing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins/Language Learning.Google Scholar
Cumming, A. and Mellow, D.. 1996. An investigation into the validity of written indicators of second language proficiency. In Cumming, A. and Cumming, R. Berwick, A. (eds.) Validation in language testing. Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters. 7293.Google Scholar
Cumming, A. and Riazi, A.. 1997. Building models of adult second-language writing instruction. In A. Archibald and G. Jeffrey (eds.) Second language acquisition and writing: A multi-disciplinary approach. Proceedings of a Symposium, July 11–12, University of Southampton. 7–22. [Forthcoming in a special issue of Learning and Instruction, edited by G. Jeffrey and A. Archibald.]Google Scholar
Cumming, A. and So, S. 1996. Tutoring second language text revision: Does the approach to instruction or the language of communication make a difference? Journal of Second Language Writing. 5.197226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, P and Cumming, A. (eds.) 1996. Profiles of language education in 25 countries. Slough, England: National Foundation for Educational Research.Google Scholar
Dong, Y. 1996. Learning how to use citations for knowledge transformations: Non-native doctoral students' dissertation writing in science. Research in the Teaching of English. 30.428457.Google Scholar
Dyson, A. 1993. Social worlds of children learning to write in an urban primary school. New York: Teachers College Press.Google Scholar
Dysthe, O. 1996. The multivoiced classroom: Interactions of writing and classroom discourse. Written Communication. 13.385425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elley, W. 1994. Acquiring literacy in a second language: The effect of book-based programs. In Cumming, A. (ed.) Bilingual performance in reading and writing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins/Language Learning. 331366.Google Scholar
Engber, C. 1995. The relationship of lexical proficiency to the quality of ESL compositions. Journal of Second Language Writing. 4.139155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, D. 1995. Student reactions to teacher response in multiple-draft composition classrooms. TESOL Quarterly. 29.3353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, D. 1997. The influence of teacher commentary on student revision. TESOL Quarterly. 31.315339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, S. 1995. Crossing the bridge to practice: Rethinking the theories of Vygotsky and Bakhtin. Written Communication. 12.7492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosden, H. 1996. Verbal reports of Japanese novices' research writing practices in English. Journal of Second Language Writing. 5.109128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, G., Taylor, C., Bridgeman, B., Carson, J., Kroll, B. and Kantor, R.. 1996. A study of writing tasks assigned in academic degree programs. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. [TOEFL Research Report 54.]Google Scholar
Hamilton, M., Barton, D. and Ivanic, R. (eds.) 1994. Worlds of literacy. Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Hedgcock, J. and Lefkowitz, N.. 1996. Some input on input: Two analyses of student response to expert feedback on L2 writing. Modern Language Journal. 80.287308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, K. 1996. Early L2 writing development: A study of autobiographical essays by university-level students of Russian. Modern Language Journal. 80.309326.Google Scholar
Hollingsworth, S. and Gallego, M.. 1996. Toward a collaborative praxis of multiple literacies. Curriculum Inquiry. 26.265292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, V. and Moulton, M.. 1995. A contrarian view of dialogue journals: The case of a reluctant participant. Journal of Second Language Writing. 4.223251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornberger, N. 1989. Continua of biliteracy. Review of Educational Research. 59.271296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyland, K. 1996. Writing without conviction? Hedging in science research articles. Applied Linguistics. 17.433454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyon, S. 1996. Genre in three traditions: Implications for ESL. TESOL Quarterly. 30.693722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Intaraprawat, P. and Steffenson, M.. 1995. The use of metadiscourse in good and poor ESL essays. Journal of Second Language Writing. 4.253272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, H. and Rinnert, C.. 1996. Factors affecting composition evaluation in an EFL context: Cultural rhetorical pattern and readers' background. Language Learning. 46.397437.Google Scholar
Koelsch, N. and Trumbull, E.. 1996. Portfolios: Bridging cultural and linguistic worlds. In Calfee, R. and Perfumo, P. (eds.) Writing portfolios in the classroom: Policy and practice, promise and peril. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum. 261284.Google Scholar
Laufer, B. and Nation, P.. 1995. Vocabulary size and use: Lexical richness in L2 written production. Applied Linguistics. 16.307322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leki, I. 1995. Coping strategies of ESL students in writing tasks across the curriculum. TESOL Quarterly. 29.235260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leki, I. and Carson, J.. 1997. “Completely different worlds”: EAP and the writing experiences of ESL students in university courses. TESOL Quarterly. 31.3969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llewelyn, S. 1995. Topics, text types and grammar: Making the links. In Burns, A. and Hood, S. (eds.) Teachers' voices: Exploring course design in a changing curriculum. Sydney, Australia: National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research. 6174.Google Scholar
Li, X. 1996. ”Good writing” in cross-cultural context. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Lockhart, C. and Ng, P.. 1995. Analyzing talk in ESL peer response groups: Stances, functions, and content. Language Learning. 45.605655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Losey, K. 1996. Listen to the silences: Mexican American interaction in the composition classroom and community. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Lyster, R. 1996. Question forms, conditionals, and second-person pronouns used by adolescent native speakers across two levels of formality in written and spoken French. Modern Language Journal. 80.165182.Google Scholar
Maguire, M. 1997. Shared and negotiated territories: The socio-cultural embeddedness of children's acts of meaning. In Pollard, A., Filer, A., and Thiessen, D. (eds.) Children and their curriculum. London, UK: Falmer Press. 5180.Google Scholar
Manchon Ruiz, R., Murphy, L. and Larios, J. Roca de. 1997. Backward operations in L2 writing: A tentative classification. In A. Archibald and G. Jeffrey (eds.) Second language acquisition and writing: A multi-disciplinary approach. Proceedings of a Symposium, July 11–12, University of Southampton. 36–52. [Forthcoming in a special issue of Learning and Instruction, edited by G. Jeffrey and A. Archibald.]Google Scholar
McGroarty, M. and Zhu, W.. 1997. Triangulation in classroom research: A study of peer revision. Language Learning. 47.143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKay, P., Davies, A., Devlin, B., Clayton, J., Oliver, R. and Zammit, S.. 1997. The bilingual interface project report: The relationship between first language development and second language acquisition as students begin learning English in the context of schooling. Canberra, Australia: Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
McKenna, B. 1997. How engineers write: An empirical study of engineering report writing. Applied Linguistics. 18.189211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muchiri, M., Mulamba, N., Myers, G. and Ndoloi, D.. 1995. Importing composition: Teaching and researching academic writing beyond North America. College Composition and Communication. 46.175198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paltridge, B. 1996. Genre, text type, and the language learning classroom. ELT Journal. 50.237243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paratore, J., et al. 1995. Shifting boundaries in home and school responsibilities: The construction of home-based literacy portfolios by immigrant parents and their children. Research in the Teaching of English. 29.367389.Google Scholar
Patthey-Chavez, G. and Clare, L.. 1996. Task, talk, and text: The influence of instructional conversation on transitional bilingual writers. Written Communication. 13.515563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patthey-Chavez, G. and Clare, L.. and Ferris, D.. 1997. Writing conferences and the weaving of multi-voiced texts in college composition. Research in the Teaching of English. 31.5190.Google Scholar
Peck, S. 1996. Language learning diaries as mirrors of students' cultural sensitivities. In Bailey, K. and Nunan, D. (eds.) Voices from the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 236247.Google Scholar
Pennington, M., Brock, M. and Yue, F.. 1996. Explaining Hong Kong students' response to process writing: An exploration of causes and outcomes. Journal of Second Language Writing. 5.227252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, A. 1996. Borrowing others' words: Text, ownership, memory, and plagiarism. TESOL Quarterly. 30.201230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinheiro Franco, M. 1996. Designing a writing component for teen courses at a Brazilian language institute. In Graves, K. (ed.) Teachers as course developers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 119150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polio, C. 1997. Measures of linguistic accuracy in second language writing research. Language Learning. 47.101143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogner, K. 1997. Text and dynamics: Observations on text production at a technical workplace. In Pogner, K. (ed.) Writing: Text and interaction. Odense, Denmark: Odense University. 119145. [Odense Working Papers in Language and Communication, 14.]Google Scholar
Porte, G. 1996. When writing fails: How academic context and past learning experiences shape revision. System. 24.107116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porte, G. 1997. The etiology of poor second language writing: The influence of perceived teacher preferences on second language revision strategies. Journal of Second Language Writing. 6.6178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raimes, A. 1991. Out of the woods: Emerging traditions in the teaching of writing. TESOL Quarterly. 25.407430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, D. 1995. Repetition in normative speaker writing: More than quantity. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 17.195209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riazi, A., Lessard-Clouston, M. and Cumming, A.. 1996. Observing ESL writing instruction: A case study of four teachers. Journal of Intensive English Studies. 10.1930.Google Scholar
Rifkin, B. and Roberts, F.. 1995. Error gravity: A critical review of research design. Language Learning. 45.511537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sasaki, M. and Hirose, K.. 1996. Explanatory variables for EFL students' expository writing. Language Learning. 46.137174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schleppegrell, M. 1996. Conjunction in spoken English and ESL writing. Applied Linguistics. 17.271285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, L. and Cumming, A.. 1995. Teachers' conceptions of second language writing instruction: Five case studies. Journal of Second Language Writing. 4.87111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, T. 1990. Second language composition instruction: Developments, issues, and directions in ESL. In Kroll, B. (ed.) Second language writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, T. 1993. Toward an understanding of the distinct nature of L2 writing: The ESL research and its implications. TESOL Quarterly. 27.657677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, T., Leki, I. and Carson, J.. 1997. Broadening the perspective of mainstream composition studies: Some thoughts from the disciplinary margins. Written Communication. 14.398428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smagorinsky, P. 1997. Personal growth in social context: A high school senior's search for meaning in and through writing. Written Communication. 14.63105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, V. 1994. Thinking in a foreign language: An investigation into essay writing and translation by L2 learners. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.Google Scholar
Song, B. and Caruso, I.. 1996. Do English and ESL faculty differ in evaluating the essays of native English-speaking and ESL students? Journal of Second Language Writing. 5.163182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spack, R. 1997. The acquisition of academic literacy in a second language: A longitudinal case study. Written Communication. 14.362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spener, D. (ed.) 1994. Adult biliteracy in the United States. McHenry, IL: Delta Systems and Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Sperling, M. and Woodlief, L.. 1997. Two classrooms, two writing communities: Urban and suburban tenth-graders learning to write. Research in the Teaching of English. 31.205239.Google Scholar
Street, B. 1995. Social literacies: Critical approaches to literacy in development, ethnography and education. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman.Google Scholar
Swain, M. and Lapkin, S.. 1995. Problems in output and the cognitive processes they generate: A step towards second language learning. Applied Linguistics. 16.371391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truscott, J. 1996. The case against grammar correction in L2 writing classes. Language Learning. 46.327369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsang, W. 1996. Comparing the effects of reading and writing on writing performance. Applied Linguistics. 17.210233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzawa, K. 1996. Second language learners' processes of LI writing, L2 writing, and translation from LI into L2. Journal of Second Language Writing. 5.271294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verhoeven, L. (ed.) 1994. Functional literacy: Theoretical issues and educational implications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villamil, O. and Guerrero, M. de. 1996. Peer revision in the L2 classroom: Socialcognitive activities, mediating strategies, and aspects of social behavior. Journal of Second Language Writing. 5.5175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vignola, M. 1995. Les prise de decision lors duprocessus d'ecriture en langue maternelle et en langue seconde chez les diplomes d'immersion francaise. [Decision making during the processes of writing in mother tongue and second language among graduates of French Immersion.] Quebec: International Center for Research on Language Planning.Google Scholar
Walters, J. and Wolf, Y.. 1996. Language awareness in non-native writers: Metalinguistic judgements of need for revision. Language Awareness. 5.325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, A. 1996. A review of research into needs in English for academic purposes of relevance to the North American higher education context. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. [TOEFL Monograph Series 6.]Google Scholar
Weissberg, B. 1994. Speaking of writing: Some functions of talk in the ESL composition class. Journal of Second Language Writing. 3.121139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissberg, B. 1997. Developmental relationships in the acquisition of English syntax: Writing vs. speech. In A. Archibald and G. Jeffrey (eds.) Second language acquisition and writing: A multi-disciplinary approach. Proceedings of a Symposium, July 11–12, University of Southampton. 2335. [Forthcoming in a special issue of Learning and Instruction, edited by G. Jeffrey and A. Archibald.]Google Scholar
Whalen, K. and Menard, N.. 1995. LI and L2 writers' strategic and linguistic knowledge: A model of multiple-level discourse processing. Language Learning. 45.381418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, J. 1995. ESL composition program administration in the United States. Journal of Second Language Writing. 4.157179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamel, V. 1995. Strangers in academia: The experiences of faculty and ESL students across the curriculum. College Composition and Communication. 46.506521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, R. 1997. Formulating in L2 writing—Towards an empirical model. In A. Archibald and G. Jeffrey (eds.) Second language acquisition and writing: A multi-disciplinary approach. Proceedings of a Symposium, July 11–12, University of Southampton. 53–67. [Forthcoming in a special issue of Learning and Instruction, edited by G. Jeffrey and A. Archibald.]Google Scholar