Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T11:05:04.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Teaching Second Languages for the Workplace

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2011

Abstract

Workplace culture and organization are evolving as they adapt to globalization and rapid technological development. Likewise, the nature and role of workplace language and the literacy demands of work are changing in the face of increasingly multicultural workplaces and global communication networks. Among these changes, recent research has highlighted the role that informal modes of interpersonal communication play in the functioning of the modern workplace. Successful participation in such interactions is seen as not just a question of fitting in socially, but of doing work through talk. Ethnographic research in the workplace has stressed the importance of understanding language by viewing it within its social setting and understanding the interactional norms of particular communities of practice. Research into language programs for the workplace reflects this shift in emphasis. In contrast to research in the field of language for specific purposes on the specialized vocabulary and formal registers of particular professions, a growing body of research focuses on teaching and learning the language of routine workplace interactions. This article reviews current research into the nature of workplace language, noting in particular the contributions from ethnographic and language socialization research. It then discusses research into four aspects of the content of language programs for the workplace: employability skills, interpersonal communication, intercultural and critical language awareness, and teaching focused on the employment interview.

Type
SECTION A: SECOND LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION IN DIFFERENT SETTINGS
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Duff, P. A. (2008). Language socialization, higher education, and work. In Duff, P. A. & Hornberger, N. H. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education: Vol. 8. Language socialization (pp. 257270). Boston, MA: Springer Science+Business Media.Google Scholar
Feng, A., Byram, M., & Fleming, M. (Eds.). (2009). Becoming interculturally competent through education and training. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, L. (2008). The not-so generic skills: Teaching employability communication skills to adult migrants. North Ryde, NSW, Australia: AMEP Research Centre, Macquarie University on behalf of the Department of Immigration and Citizenship.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Arakelian, C. (2009). Professional training: Creating intercultural space in multi-ethnic workplaces. In Feng, A., Byram, M., & Fleming, M. P. (Eds.), Becoming interculturally competent through education and training (pp. 174193). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benseman, J. (2010). Transferring literacy skills in the workplace. Reflect, 13, 911.Google Scholar
Birkner, K., & Kern, F. (2004). Impression management in East and West German job interviews. In Spencer-Oatey, H. (Ed.), Culturally speaking (pp. 255271). London, UK: Continuum.Google Scholar
Burt, M., & Mathews-Aydinli, J. (2007). Workplace instruction and workforce preparation for adult migrants. Retrieved from CAELA Web site: http://webdev.cal.org/development/CAELA/esl_resources/briefs/WorkplacePrep.pdfGoogle Scholar
Chivers, N. (2010). Tap a well of opportunities in Baku. EL Gazette, 369, 13.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. G. (1994). Inter-cultural communication at work: Cultural values in discourse. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, A. (1998). Mind the gap! An ethnographic approach to cross-cultural workplace communication research. In Byram, M. & Flemming, M. (Eds.), Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective: Approaches through drama and ethnography (pp. 119142). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Council of Europe. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Duff, P. A. (2005). Thinking globally about new literacies: Multilingual socialization at work. In Anderson, J., Kendrick, M., Rodgers, T., & Smythe, S. (Eds.), Portraits of literacy across families, communities, and schools (pp. 341362). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Duff, P. A. (2008). Language socialization, higher education, and work. In Duff, P. A. & Hornberger, N. H. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education: Vol. 8. Language socialization (pp. 257270). Boston, MA: Springer Science+Business Media.Google Scholar
Eades, D. (2004). Understanding Aboriginal English in the legal system: A critical sociolinguistics approach. Applied linguistics, 25, 491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekkens, K., & Winke, P. (2009). Evaluating workplace English language programs. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6, 265. doi:10.1080/15434300903063038CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, F., & Schultz, J. J. (1982). The counselor as gatekeeper: Social and cultural organization of communication in counseling interviews. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power (2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Longman.Google Scholar
Feng, A., Byram, M., & Fleming, M. (Eds.). (2009). Becoming interculturally competent through education and training. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, P. (2007). Differences and difficulties in intercultural management interaction. In Kotthoff, H. & Spencer-Oatey, H. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural communication (pp. 263284). New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilherme, M., Glaser, E., & Méndez García, M. (2009). The pragmatics of intercultural competence in education and training: A cross-national experiment on “diversity management.” In Feng, A., Byram, M., & Fleming, M. (Eds.), Becoming interculturally competent through education and training (pp. 193210). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, Y. (2009). Racializing immigrant professionals in an employment preparation ESL program. Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry, 1, 4054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. New York, NY: Anchor.Google Scholar
Hammond, S. A. (1996). The thin book of appreciative inquiry. Plano, TX: Thin Book.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures consequences: International differences in work-related values (Abridged). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Holmes, J. (2005a). Socio-pragmatic aspects of workplace talk. In Kawaguchi, Y., Zaima, S., Takagaki, T., Shibano, K., & Usami, M. (Eds.), Linguistic informatics—State of the art and the future: The first international conference on linguistic informatics (pp. 196220). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, J. (2005b). When small talk is a big deal: Sociolinguistic challenges in the workplace. In Long, M. H. (Ed.), Second language needs analysis (pp. 344372). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, J., Joe, A., Marra, M., Newton, J., Riddiford, N., & Vine, B. (2011). Applying linguistic research to real world problems: The case of the Wellington Language in the Workplace Project. In Candlin, C. & Sarangi, S. (Eds.), Handbook in applied linguistics: Communication in the professions (pp. 533549). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Holmes, J., Marra, M., Newton, J., Joe, A., Riddiford, N., & Vine, B. (2009). Enhancing socio-pragmatic skills among professionally qualified workers. New Zealand Studies in Applied Linguistics, 15, 3846.Google Scholar
Holmes, J., & Riddiford, N. (2009). Talk at work: Interactional challenges for immigrants. In Bhatia, V. K., Cheng, W., & Du-Babcock, B. (Eds.), Language for professional communication: Research, practice & training. Hong Kong: Asia-Pacific LSP and Professional Communication.Google Scholar
Holmes, J., & Stubbe, M. (2003). Power and politeness in the workplace: A sociolinguistic analysis of talk at work. London, UK: Longman.Google Scholar
Kerekes, J. (2006). Winning an interviewer's trust in a gatekeeping encounter. Language in Society, 35, 2757. doi:10.1017/S0047404506060027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerekes, J. (2007). The co-construction of a gatekeeping encounter: An inventory of verbal actions. Journal of Pragmatics, 39, 19421973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, K. (2009). Business internship program development in light of professional communication research: Kevin's company at Kanda University of International Studies. In Bhatia, V. K., Cheng, W., Du-Babcock, B., & Lung, J. (Eds.), Language for professional communication: Research, practice & training (pp. 235249). Hong Kong: Asia-Pacific LSP and Professional Communication.Google Scholar
Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kramsch, C. (2004). Language, thought and culture. In Davies, A. & Elder, C. (Eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 235261). Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramsch, C., & Whiteside, A. (2008). Language ecology in multilingual settings. Towards a theory of symbolic competence. Applied Linguistics, 29, 645671. doi:10.1093/applin/amn022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, C. H., Winter, R., & Chan, C. C. (2006). Cross-cultural interviewing in the hiring process: Challenges and strategies. Career Development Quarterly, 54, 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipovsky, C. (2006). Candidates’ negotiation of their expertise in job interviews. Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 11471174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipovsky, C. (2008). Constructing affiliation and solidarity in job interviews. Discourse & Communication, 2, 411432. doi:10.1177/1750481308095938CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louw, K. J., Derwing, T. M., & Abbott, M. L. (2010). Teaching pragmatics to L2 learners for the workplace: The job interview. Canadian Modern Language Review [La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes], 66, 739758. doi:10.3138/cmlr.66.5.739CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCall, C. (2003). Language dynamics in the bi- and multilingual workplace. In Bayley, R. & Schecter, S. (Eds.), Language socialization in bilingual and multilingual societies (pp. 235250). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myles, J. (2009). Oral competency of ESL technical students in workplace internships. TESL-EJ, 13, 124.Google Scholar
New London Group. (2000). Introduction. In Cope, B. & Kalantzis, M. (Eds.), Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures (pp. 937). London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Newton, J. (2007). Adapting authentic workplace talk for workplace communication training. In Kotthoff, H. & Spencer-Oatey, H. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural communication (pp. 519537). New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical applied linguistics: A critical introduction. In Davies, A. & Elder, C. (Eds.), Handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 784807). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Qian, D. D. (2009). Using English for workplace communication: A study of novice professionals. In Bhatia, V. K., Cheng, W., Du-Babcock, B., & Lung, J. (Eds.), Language for professional communication: Research, practice, and training (pp. 270285). Hong Kong: Asia-Pacific LSP and Professional Communication.Google Scholar
Rampton, B. (2001). Language crossing, cross-talk, and cross-disciplinarity in sociolinguistics. In Coupland, N., Sarangi, S., & Candlin, C. (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and social theory (pp. 261296). London, UK: Pearson.Google Scholar
Riddiford, N., & Joe, A. (2010). Tracking the development of sociopragmatic skills. TESOL Quarterly, 44, 195205. doi:10.5054/tq.2010.215252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riddiford, N., & Newton, J. (2010). Workplace talk in action: An ESOL resource. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University of Wellington.Google Scholar
Roberts, C. (2005). English in the workplace. In Hinkel, E. (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 117136). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Roberts, C. (2007). Multilingualism in the workplace. In Auer, P. & Wei, L. (Eds.), Handbooks of applied linguistics: Vol. 5. Handbook of multilingualism and multilingual communication (pp. 405422). New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C. (2010). Language socialization in the workplace. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30, 211227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C., & Campbell, S. (2006). Talk on trial: Job interviews, language and ethnicity. Research Report-Department for Work and Pensions, 344. Retrieved from http://research.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rports2005–2006/rrep344.pdfGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C., Campbell, S., & Robinson, Y. (2008). Talking like a manager: Promotion interviews, language and ethnicity (Research Report No. 510). London, UK: Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Sarangi, S., & Roberts, C. (2004). Discoursal (mis)alignments in professional gatekeeping encounters. In Kramsch, C. J. (Ed.), Language acquisition and language socialization. New York, NY: Continuum International.Google Scholar
Tomalin, B. (2009). Applying the principles: Instruments for intercultural business training. In Feng, A., Byram, M., & Fleming, M. (Eds.), Becoming interculturally competent through education and training (pp. 115131). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Utley, D. (2004). Intercultural resource pack. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30, 1024. doi:10.1080/01419870701599465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickers, C. H. (2007). Second language socialization through team interaction among electrical and computer engineering students. Modern Language Journal, 91, 621640. doi:10.1111/j.1540–4781.2007.00626.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, R. (2010, July 8). Japan lost in translation. Australian, 24.Google Scholar
Waldvogel, J. (2005) The role, status and style of workplace email: A study of two New Zealand workplaces (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. WellingtonGoogle Scholar
Warriner, D. S. (2010). Competent performances of situated identities: Adult learners of English accessing engaged participation. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26, 2230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigglesworth, G., & Yates, L. (2007). Mitigating difficult requests in the workplace: What learners and teachers need to know. TESOL Quarterly, 41, 791803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. (2009). Preparing ESP learners for workplace placement. ELT Journal, 63, 323331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, L. (2008). The not-so generic skills: Teaching employability communication skills to adult migrants. North Ryde, NSW, Australia: AMEP Research Centre, Macquarie University on behalf of the Department of Immigration and Citizenship.Google Scholar
Yates, L. (2010a). Language training and settlement success: Are they related? North Ryde, NSW, Australia: AMEP Research Centre, Macquarie University.Google Scholar
Yates, L. (2010b). Speech act performance in workplace settings. In Martinez Flor, A. M. & Juan, E. U. (Eds.), Speech act performance: Theoretical, empirical and methodological issues (pp. 109126). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, L. (2010c). Welcome to Australia: Social inclusion, opportunities for interaction and investment in English language learning for migrants. Paper presented at the 35th Applied Linguistics Association of Australia (ALAA) Congress, Queensland University, Australia. BrisbaneGoogle Scholar
Yates, L., & Springall, J. (2010). Soften up! Successful requests in the workplace. In Tatsuki, D. & Houck, N. (Eds.), Pragmatics from research to practice: Teaching speech acts (pp. 6786). Alexandria, VA: TESOL.Google Scholar