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Two ideas emerge very clearly from a reading of the 15 articles that constitute this volume of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics: The first idea emerges from virtually all of the articles herein included—the notion of what constitutes literacy has changed rather dramatically over the past decade. The second idea derives largely from the set of articles which examine literacy practices in various parts of the world—while there is a clearer understanding of what constitutes literacy, the implementation of literacy dissemination programs, even in the most advanced countries (let alone in the third world) is beset with possibly insolvable problems.