Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T11:41:42.471Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND COMMUNICATION IN TOURETTE'S SYNDROME

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2008

Abstract

In this article we review the relationship between Tourette's syndrome (TS) and speech, language, and communication disorders. We consider TS to be a neurodevelopmental disorder with an increased rate of co-occurring (comorbid) disorders. We have organized the available research into topical areas for convenience of review. These areas are tic insertion into speech, learning disabilities, speech abnormalities, expressive and receptive language impairments, coprophenomena, writing and tics, signing and tic premonitory phenomena, and TS. We conclude with a discussion of the interplay between neurological function and mental factors on expression and outcome of this relationship. We offer discussion of a research agenda to advance the science in this area.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Abwender, D. A., Trinidad, K. S., Jones, K. R., Como, P. G., Hymes, E., & Kurlan, R. (1998). Features resembling Tourette's syndrome in developmental stutterers. Brain and Language, 62, 455464.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. D., Fast, D. K., Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Robertson, M. M., & Sandor, P. (2000). An international perspective on Tourette's syndrome: Selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 436447.Google Scholar
Stern, E., Silbersweig, D. A., Chee, K. Y., Holmes, A., Robertson, M. M., Trimble, M., et al. (2000). A functional neuroanatomy of tics in Tourette's syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 741748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

OTHER REFERNCES

Albin, R. L. (2006). Neurobiology of basal ganglia and Tourette's syndrome: Striatal and dopamine function. Advances in Neurology, 99, 99106.Google ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Barnhill, L. J. Jr. (2007). Improvement in speech dysfluency in Tourette's disorder after tongue piercing. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliss, J. (1980). Sensory experiences of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 13431347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burd, L. (2007). Educational needs of children with Tourette's syndrome. In Marsh, T. L. (Ed.), Children with Tourette's syndrome: A parents' guide (2nd ed., pp. 207242). Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House.Google Scholar
Burd, L., Fisher, W., & Kerbeshian, J. (1985). Pervasive developmental disorders in multiply disabled children. Rehabilitation Literature, 46, 246249.Google ScholarPubMed
Burd, L., Freeman, R. D., Klug, M. G., & Kerbeshian, J. (2005). Tourette syndrome and learning disabilities. BMC Pediatrics, 5, 34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burd, L., Freeman, R. D., Klug, M. G., & Kerbeshian, J. (2006). Variables associated with increased tic severity in 5,500 participants with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 18, 1324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burd, L., Kauffman, D. W., & Kerbeshian, J. (1992). Tourette syndrome and learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 598604.Google Scholar
Burd, L., & Kerbeshian, J. (1992). Educational management of children with Tourette syndrome. Advances in Neurology, 58, 311317.Google Scholar
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Barth, A., Klug, M. G., Avery, P. K., & Benz, B. (2001). Long-term follow-up of an epidemiologically defined cohort of patients with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Child Neurology, 16, 431437.Google Scholar
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Cook, J., Bornhoeft, D. M., & Fisher, W. (1988). Tourette disorder in North Dakota. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 12, 223228.Google Scholar
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., & Fisher, W. (1987). Does the use of phenobarbital as an anticonvulsant permanently exacerbate hyperactivity? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 1013.Google Scholar
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Fisher, W., & Gascon, G. (1986). Anticonvulsant medications: An iatrogenic cause of tic disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 419423.Google Scholar
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Leech, C., & Gascon, G. (1994). A review of the relationship between Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and speech and language disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 6, 119.Google Scholar
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Westerland, A., Labine, J., Barth, A., Klug, M. G., et al. (2002). Prospective long-term follow-up of patients with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Neurology, 17, 681688.Google Scholar
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Wikenheiser, M., & Fisher, W. (1986a). A prevalence study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in North Dakota school-age children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 552553.Google Scholar
Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Wikenheiser, M., & Fisher, W. (1986b). Prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in North Dakota adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 787788.Google Scholar
Cohen, D. J., Leckman, J. F., & Pauls, D. (1997). Neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood: Tourette's syndrome as a model. Acta Paediatrica Supplementum, 422, 106111.Google Scholar
Comings, D. E., & Comings, B. G. (1994). TS, learning, and speech problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 429430.Google Scholar
Comings, D. E., Comings, B. G., & Knell, E. (1989). Hypothesis: Homozygosity in Tourette syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 34, 413421.Google Scholar
De Nil, L. F., Sasisekaran, J., Van Lieshout, P. H., & Sandor, P. (2005). Speech disfluencies in individuals with Tourette syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 97102.Google Scholar
el-Assra, A. (1987). A case of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in Saudi Arabia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 397398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, W., Burd, L., & Kerbeshian, J. (1985). Integrating developmental, pharmacologic, and psychological diagnoses and management through the transdisciplinary team process. Rehabilitation Literature, 46, 268271.Google Scholar
Fisher, W., Kerbeshian, J., & Burd, L. (1986). A treatable language disorder: Pharmacological treatment of pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 7, 7376.Google Scholar
Gilles de la Tourette, G. (1885). Etude sur une affection nerveuse caracterisee par de l'incordination motrice acommpagnee d'echolalie [Study on nervous disorder characterized by the motor problems accompanied by echolalia]. Archives de Neurologie, 9, 1942, 153156.Google Scholar
Hagin, R. A., Beecher, R., Pagano, G., & Kreeger, H. (1982). Effects of Tourette syndrome on learning. Advances in Neurology, 35, 323328.Google Scholar
Harris, K., & Singer, H. S. (2006). Tic disorders: Neural circuits, neurochemistry, and neuroimmunology. Journal of Child Neurology, 21, 678689.Google Scholar
Hornse, H., Banerjee, S., Zeitlin, H., & Robertson, M. (2001). The prevalence of Tourette syndrome in 13–14-year-olds in mainstream schools. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 10351039.Google Scholar
Jankovic, J., & Fahn, S. (1986). The phenomenology of tics. Movement Disorders, 1, 1726.Google Scholar
Kerbeshian, J. (2007). Medical treatments and healthcare professionals. In Marsh, T. L. (Ed.), Children with Tourette's syndrome: A parents' guide (2nd ed., pp. 5994). Bethesda, MD: Woodbine House.Google Scholar
Kerbeshian, J., & Burd, L. (1988). Tourette disorder and mutational falsetto. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 12, 271273.Google Scholar
Kerbeshian, J., & Burd, L. (1994). Tourette's syndrome: A developmental psychobiologic view. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 6, 203.Google Scholar
Kerbeshian, J., & Burd, L. (2005). Moving target: The developing social brain and psychopathology. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 839852.Google Scholar
Kushner, H. (2000). A cursing brain? The histories of Tourette's syndrome. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lang, A. E., Consky, E., & Sandor, P. (1993). “Signing tics”—Insights into the pathophysiology of symptoms in Tourette's syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 33, 212215.Google Scholar
Leckman, J. F. (2003). Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders. Brain and Development, 2 (Suppl. 1), S24S28.Google Scholar
Leckman, J. F., Zhang, H., Vitale, A., Lahnin, F., Lynch, K., Bondi, C., et al. (1998). Course of tic severity in Tourette's syndrome: The first two decades. Pediatrics, 102, 1419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ludlow, C. L., Polinsky, R. J., Caine, E. D., Bassich, C. J., & Ebert, M. H. (1982). Language and speech abnormalities in Tourette's syndrome. Advances in Neurology, 35, 351361.Google Scholar
MacLean, P. (1973). A triune concept of the brain and behavior. In Boag, T. J. & Campbell, D. (Eds.), The Clarence M. Hincks memorial lectures, 1969 (pp. 466). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Meige, H., & Feindel, E. (1907). Tics and their treatment. London: Sidney Appleton.Google Scholar
Mink, J. W. (2006). Neurobiology of basal ganglia and Tourette syndrome: Basal ganglia circuits and thalamocortical outputs. Advances in Neurology, 99, 8998.Google Scholar
Pauls, D. L., Leckman, J. F., & Cohen, D. J. (1993). Familial relationship between Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, speech disorders, and stuttering. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 10441050.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, A. K. (1988). Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (2nd ed.). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Szatmari, P., Paterson, A. D., Zwaigenbaum, L., Roberts, W., Brian, J., Liu, X. Q., et al. (2007). Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements. Nature Genetics, 39, 319328.Google Scholar
Trimble, M. R., Whurr, R., Brookes, G., & Robertson, M. M. (1998). Vocal tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome treated with botulinum toxin injections. Movement Disorders, 13, 617619.Google Scholar
Van Borsel, J., & Tetnowski, J. A. (2007). Fluency disorders in genetic syndromes. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32, 279296.Google Scholar
Van Borsel, J., & Vanryckeghem, M. (2000). Dysfluency and phonic tics in Tourette's syndrome: A case report. Journal of Communication Disorders, 33, 227239.Google Scholar
Van Lancker, D., & Cummings, J. L. (1999). Expletives: Neurolinguistic and neurobehavioral perspectives on swearing. Brain Research Reviews, 31, 83104.Google Scholar
Wang, H. S., & Kuo, M. F. (2003). Tourette's syndrome in Taiwan: An epidemiological study of tic disorders in an elementary school at Taipei County. Brain and Development, 25 (Suppl. 1), S29S31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar