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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 November 2008
In this section we shall look at ‘movements’ or ‘approaches,’ other than the communicative approach, which have influenced language teaching at the same time as the communicative approach has been dominant. Some definitions of the communicative approach include some of the concerns discussed here, while others exclude them, but an understanding of these alternative response to perceived deficiencies in earlier language teaching practices should clarify the context of the communicative movement.