Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T18:21:01.501Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Alternative treatment strategies for lithium in bipolar disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

P.F. Bouvy
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Indications for lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorders are acute mania, depression and preventive treatment. In the case of insufficient efficacy or adverse effects the first alternative for lithium in acute mania is carbamazepine. However, the role of carbamazepine in preventive treatment is still uncertain. Well designed prospective research is hardly done. Clearly positive reports on the efficacy of carbamazepine concern specific lithium-resistant groups such as the ‘rapid-cyclers’. Valproic acid has been found effective in a few studies in bipolar disorders, especially in acute mania. Clonazepam is sometimes mentioned as a possible alternative, however recent research seriously questions the efficacy of clonazepam in bipolar disorders. Calcium-antagonists, especially verapamil, may have some efficacy in the treatment of acute mania, their role is still very uncertain.

Keywords

bipolar disordercarbamazepinevalproic acidclonazepamverapamilbipolaire stoorniscarbamazepinevalproinezuurclonazepamVerapamil
Type
Research Article
Information
Acta Neuropsychiatrica , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , September 1993 , pp. 55 - 59
Copyright
Copyright © Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literatuur

1.Prien, RF, Gelenberg, AJ. Alternatives to lithium for preventive treatment in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiat 1989; 146: 840–8.Google ScholarPubMed
2.Nelson, JC. Lithium augmentation in refractory depression. In Roose, SP, Glassman, AH, eds. Treatment Strategies for Refractory Depression. Washington/London: Am Psychiat Press, 1990: 35–49.Google Scholar
3.Cochran, SD. Compliance with Lithium Regimens in the Outpatient Treatment of Bipolar Disorders. J compl Health Care 1986; 1: 151–69.Google Scholar
4.Gitlin, MJ, Cochran, SD, Jamison, KR. Maintenance lithium treatment: side effects and compliance. J clin Psychiat 1989; 50: 127–31.Google ScholarPubMed
5.Schou, M. Lithium prophylaxis: myths and realities. Am J Psychiat 1989;146:573–6.Google ScholarPubMed
6.Murphy, DJ, Gannon, MA, McGennis, A. Carbamazepine in bipolar affective disorder. Lancet 1989;II: 1151–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Bunney, WE, Garland, BL. Lithium and its possible modes of action. In: Post, RM, Ballenger, JC, red. Neurobiology of Mood Disorders. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1984: 731–43.Google Scholar
8.Loonen, AJM, Zwanikken, GJ. Farmaca, Psychofarmaca, klinisch Onderzoek. 's-Hertogenbosch: Wulko, 1987: 102–6.Google Scholar
9.Okuma, T, Inanaga, K, Otsuki, S. A preliminary double-blind study of the efficacy of carbamazepine in prophylaxis of manic-depressive illness. Psychopharmacol 1981; 73: 95–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Small, JG, Klapper, MH, Milstein, V, Kellams, JJ, Miller, MJ, Marhenke, JD, Small, IF. Carbamazepine compared with lithium in the treatment of mania. Arch gen Psychiat 1991; 48: 915–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Kessler, AJ, Barklage, NE, Jefferson, JW. Mood disorders in the psychoneurologic borderland: Three cases of responsiveness to carbamazepine. Am J Psychiat 1989; 146: 81–3.Google ScholarPubMed
12.Bouvy, PF, van de Wetering, BJM, Meerwaldt, JD, Bruijn, JA. A case of organic brain syndrome following head injury succesfully treated with carbamazepine. Acta psychiat scand 1988; 77: 361–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Post, RM. Non-lithium treatment for bipolar disorder. J clin Psychiat 1990; 51(suppl): 9–16.Google ScholarPubMed
14.Kahn, D. Carbamazepine and other antiepileptic drugs in refractory depression. In Roose, SP, Glassman, AH, eds. Treatment Strategies for Refractory Depression. Washington/London: Am Psychiat Press 1990; 75–108.Google Scholar
15.Post, RM, Uhde, TW, Roy-Byrne, PP, Joffe, RT. Antidepressant effects of carbamazepine. Am J Psychiat 1986; 143: 29–34.Google ScholarPubMed
16.McElroy, SL, Keck, PE, Pope, HG, Hudson, JI. Valproate in psychiatric disorders: literature review and clincal guidelines. J clin Psychiat 1989; 50(3, suppl): 23–9.Google Scholar
17.Calabrese, JR, Delucchi, GA. Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 55 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiat 1990; 147: 431–4.Google ScholarPubMed
18.Pope, HG, McElroy, SL, Keck, PE, Hudson, JI. Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. Arch gen Pschiat 1991; 48: 62–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Sachs, GS. Use of clonazepam for bipolar affective disorder. J clin Psychiat 1990; 51 (5, suppl): 31–4.Google ScholarPubMed
20.Bansil, RK. Clonazepam and bipolar disorder. J clin Psychiat 1990; 51: 522.Google Scholar
21.Aronson, TA, Shukla, S, Hirschowitz, J. Clonazepam treatment of five lithium-refractory patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiat 1989; 146: 77–80.Google ScholarPubMed
22.Bradwejn, J, Shriqui, C, Koszycki, D, Meterissian, G. Double-blind comparison of the effects of clonazepam and lorazepam in acute mania. J clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10: 403–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.El-Mallakh, RS, Jaziri, WA. Calcium channel blockers in affective illness: role of sodium-calcium exchange. J clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10: 203–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Barton, BM, Gitlin, MJ. Verapamil in treatment-resistent mania: an open trial. J clin Psychopharmacol 1987; 7: 101–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Hoeschl, C, Kozeny, J. Verapamil in affective disorders: A controlled, double-blind study. Biol Psychiat 1989; 25: 128–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar