Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T04:58:37.811Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An Atlas for Large-Area Electronic Skins

From Materials to Systems Design

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2020

Weidong Yang
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore
Matthew Hon
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore
Haicheng Yao
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore
Benjamin C. K. Tee
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore

Summary

Electronic skins are critical for many applications in human-machine-environment interactions. Tactile sensitivity over large areas can be especially applied to prosthetics. Moreover, the potential for wearables, interactive surfaces, and human robotics have propelled research in this area. In this Element, we provide an account and directional atlas of the progress in materials and devices for electronic skins, in the context of sensing principles and skin-like features. Additionally, we give an overview of essential electronic circuits and systems used in large-area tactile sensor arrays. Finally, we present the challenges and provide perspectives on future developments.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108782395
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 01 October 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ha, M., Lim, S., Park, J., Um, D. S., Lee, Y., and Ko, H., “Bioinspired interlocked and hierarchical design of ZnO nanowire arrays for static and dynamic pressure-sensitive electronic skins,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 25, no. 19, pp. 28412849, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y. et al., “A bioinspired flexible organic artificial afferent nerve,” Science (80–. )., vol. 360, no. 6392, pp. 9981003, Jun. 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silvera-Tawil, D., Rye, D., and Velonaki, M., “Artificial skin and tactile sensing for socially interactive robots: A review,” Rob. Auton. Syst., vol. 63, no. P3, pp. 230243, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, J. A., Someya, T., and Huang, Y., “Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics,” Science (80–. )., vol. 327, no. 5973, pp. 16031607, Mar. 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sekitani, T. and Someya, T., “Stretchable, large-area organic electronics,” Adv. Mater., vol. 22, no. 20, pp. 22282246, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, S., Vosguerichian, M., and Bao, Z., “A review of fabrication and applications of carbon nanotube film-based flexible electronics,” Nanoscale, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 17271752, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tee, B. C.-K. et al., “A skin-inspired organic digital mechanoreceptor,” Science (80–. )., vol. 350, no. 6258, pp. 313316, Oct. 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Someya, T., Sekitani, T., Iba, S., Kato, Y., Kawaguchi, H., and Sakurai, T., “A large-area, flexible pressure sensor matrix with organic field-effect transistors for artificial skin applications,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 101, no. 27, pp. 99669970, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiao, X. et al., “High-strain sensors based on ZnO nanowire/polystyrene hybridized flexible films,” Adv. Mater., vol. 23, no. 45, pp. 54405444, 2011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J. et al., “Miniaturized battery-free wireless systems for wearable pulse oximetry,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 18, 2017.Google ScholarPubMed
Pan, C. et al., “High-resolution electroluminescent imaging of pressure distribution using a piezoelectric nanowire LED array,” Nat. Photonics, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 752758, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, G. et al., “Flexible polymer transistors with high pressure sensitivity for application in electronic skin and health monitoring,” Nat. Commun., vol. 4, no. May, p. 1859, 2013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, S. et al., “Skin electronics from scalable fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable transistor array,” Nature, vol. 555, no. 7694, pp. 8388, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byun, J. et al., “Electronic skins for soft, compact, reversible assembly of wirelessly activated fully soft robots,” Sci. Robot., vol. 3, no. 18, p. eaas9020, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, J. et al., “Highly stretchable polymer semiconductor films through the nanoconfinement effect,” Science (80–. )., vol. 355, no. 6320, p. 59 LP-64, Jan. 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tee, B. C. K., Wang, C., Allen, R., and Bao, Z., “An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 825832, 2012.Google Scholar
Lee, S. W. et al., “Electroluminescent pressure-sensing displays,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 10, no. 16, pp. 1375713766, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X. et al., “Self-powered high-resolution and pressure-sensitive triboelectric sensor matrix for real-time tactile mapping,” Adv. Mater., vol. 28, no. 15, pp. 28962903, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, H., O’Brien, K., Li, S., and Shepherd, R. F., “Optoelectronically innervated soft prosthetic hand via stretchable optical waveguides,” Sci. Robot., vol. 1, no. 1, p. eaai7529, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hua, Q. et al., “Skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix networks for multifunctional sensing,” Nat. Commun., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 112, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagn, U. et al., “DLR MiroSurge: A versatile system for research in endoscopic telesurgery,” Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 183193, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jang, H., Park, Y. J., Chen, X., Das, T., Kim, M. S., and Ahn, J. H., “Graphene-based flexible and stretchable electronics,” Adv. Mater., vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 41844202, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qian, Y. et al., “Stretchable organic semiconductor devices,” Adv. Mater., vol. 28, no. 42, pp. 92439265, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boutry, C. M. et al., “A stretchable and biodegradable strain and pressure sensor for orthopaedic application,” Nat. Electron., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 314321, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benight, S. J., Wang, C., Tok, J. B. H., and Bao, Z., “Stretchable and self-healing polymers and devices for electronic skin,” Prog. Polym. Sci., vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 19611977, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oh, J. Y. et al., “Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors,” Nature, vol. 539, no. 7629, pp. 411415, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, G. et al., “Self-powered, ultrasensitive, flexible tactile sensors based on contact electrification,” Nano Lett., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 32083213, 2014.Google Scholar
Núñez, C. G., Navaraj, W. T., Polat, E. O., and Dahiya, R., “Energy-autonomous, flexible, and transparent tactile skin,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 27, no. 18, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manjakkal, L., Núñez, C. G., Dang, W., and Dahiya, R., “Flexible self-charging supercapacitor based on graphene-Ag-3D graphene foam electrodes,” Nano Energy, vol. 51, no. June, pp. 604612, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boutry, C. M., Nguyen, A., Lawal, Q. O., Chortos, A., Rondeau-Gagné, S., and Bao, Z., “A sensitive and biodegradable pressure sensor array for cardiovascular monitoring,” Adv. Mater., vol. 27, no. 43, pp. 69546961, 2015.Google Scholar
Feig, V. R., Tran, H., and Bao, Z., “Biodegradable polymeric materials in degradable electronic devices,” ACS Cent. Sci., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 337348, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sekitani, T. et al., “Stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display using printable elastic conductors,” Nat. Mater., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 494499, 2009.Google Scholar
Larson, C. et al., “Highly stretchable electroluminescent skin for optical signaling and tactile sensing,” Science (80–. ), vol. 351, no. 6277, pp. 10711074, 2016.Google Scholar
Hammock, M. L., Chortos, A., Tee, B. C. K., Tok, J. B. H., and Bao, Z., “25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (E-Skin): A brief history, design considerations, and recent progress,” Adv. Mater., vol. 25, no. 42, pp. 59976038, 2013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amjadi, M., Kyung, K. U., Park, I., and Sitti, M., “Stretchable, skin-mountable, and wearable strain sensors and their potential applications: a review,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 16781698, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heikenfeld, J. et al., “Wearable sensors: Modalities, challenges, and prospects,” Lab Chip, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 217248, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahiya, R. S., Valle, M., and Metta, G., “System approach: A paradigm for robotic tactile sensing,” Int. Work. Adv. Motion Control. AMC, vol. 1, pp. 110115, 2008.Google Scholar
Dahiya, R. S., Mittendorfer, P., Valle, M., Cheng, G., and Lumelsky, V. J., “Directions toward effective utilization of tactile skin: A review,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 41214138, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahiya, R. S., Metta, G., Valle, M., and Sandini, G., “Tactile sensing – from humans to humanoids,” IEEE Trans. Robot., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 120, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aijaz, A. and Sooriyabandara, M., “The tactile internet for industries: A review,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 414435, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahiya, R. S. and Valle, M., Robotic Tactile Sensing. 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannsfeld, S. C. B. et al., “Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with microstructured rubber dielectric layers,” Nat. Mater., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 859864, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S. Y., Park, S., Park, H. W., Park, D. H., Jeong, Y., and Kim, D. H., “Highly sensitive and multimodal all-carbon skin sensors capable of simultaneously detecting tactile and biological stimuli,” Adv. Mater., vol. 27, no. 28, pp. 41784185, 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nie, B., Li, R., Cao, J., Brandt, J. D., and Pan, T., “Flexible transparent iontronic film for interfacial capacitive pressure sensing,” Adv. Mater., vol. 27, no. 39, pp. 60556062, 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J. et al., “Healable capacitive touch screen sensors based on transparent composite electrodes comprising silver nanowires and a furan/maleimide diels-Alder cycloaddition polymer,” ACS Nano, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1287412882, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartolozzi, C., Natale, L., Nori, F., and Metta, G., “Robots with a sense of touch,” Nat. Mater., vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 921925, 2016.Google Scholar
Gerratt, A. P., Michaud, H. O., and Lacour, S. P., “Elastomeric electronic skin for prosthetic tactile sensation,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 25, no. 15, pp. 22872295, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, J. W. et al., “Capacitive epidermal electronics for electrically safe, long-term electrophysiological measurements,” Adv. Healthc. Mater., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 642648, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, M., Kim, J., Jang, B., Chae, Y., Kim, J. H., and Ahn, J. H., “Graphene-based three-dimensional capacitive touch sensor for wearable electronics,” ACS Nano, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 79507957, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipomi, D. J. et al., “Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 788792, 2011.Google Scholar
Yao, S. and Zhu, Y., “Wearable multifunctional sensors using printed stretchable conductors made of silver nanowires,” Nanoscale, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 23452352, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, J. et al., “Conductive fiber-based ultrasensitive textile pressure sensor for wearable electronics,” Adv. Mater., vol. 27, no. 15, pp. 24332439, 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gong, S. et al., “A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires,” Nat. Commun., vol. 5,2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tee, B. C. K. et al., “A skin-inspired organic digital mechanoreceptor,” Science (80–. )., vol. 350, no.6258, pp. 313316, 2015.Google Scholar
Tian, H. et al., “A graphene-based resistive pressure sensor with record-high sensitivity in a wide pressure range,” Sci. Rep., vol. 5, pp. 16, 2015.Google Scholar
Wang, L. et al., “PDMS/MWCNT-based tactile sensor array with coplanar electrodes for crosstalk suppression,” Microsystems Nanoeng., vol. 2, no. March, p. 16065, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takei, K., Yu, Z., Zheng, M., Ota, H., Takahashi, T., and Javey, A., “Highly sensitive electronic whiskers based on patterned carbon nanotube and silver nanoparticle composite films,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 17031707, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, X. et al., “Stretchable and highly sensitive graphene-on-polymer strain sensors,” Sci. Rep., vol. 2, pp. 16, 2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, B. et al., “Microstructured graphene arrays for highly sensitive flexible tactile sensors,” Small, vol. 10, no. 18, pp. 36253631, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lou, Z., Chen, S., Wang, L., Jiang, K., and Shen, G., “An ultra-sensitive and rapid response speed graphene pressure sensors for electronic skin and health monitoring,” Nano Energy, vol. 23, pp. 714, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choong, C. L. et al., “Highly stretchable resistive pressure sensors using a conductive elastomeric composite on a micropyramid array,” Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 21, pp. 34513458, 2014.Google Scholar
Karmakar, R. S. et al., “Cross-talk immunity of PEDOT:PSS pressure sensing arrays with gold nanoparticle incorporation,” Sci. Rep., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 110, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dagdeviren, C. et al., “Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring,” Nat. Commun., vol. 5, pp. 110, 2014.Google Scholar
Persano, L. et al., “High performance piezoelectric devices based on aligned arrays of nanofibers of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene),” Nat. Commun., vol. 4, pp. 16101633, 2013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeong, Y. et al., “Psychological tactile sensor structure based on piezoelectric nanowire cell arrays,” RSC Adv., vol. 5, no. 50, pp. 4036340368, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Y. et al., “Flexible ferroelectric sensors with ultrahigh pressure sensitivity and linear response over exceptionally broad pressure range,” ACS Nano, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 40454054, 2018.Google Scholar
Lee, J. H. et al., “Micropatterned P(VDF-TrFE) film-based piezoelectric nanogenerators for highly sensitive self-powered pressure sensors,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 25, no. 21, pp. 32033209, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X. et al., “High-performance piezoelectric nanogenerators with imprinted P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO3 nanocomposite micropillars for self-powered flexible sensors,” Small, vol. 13, no. 23, pp. 112, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X. et al., “Full dynamic-range pressure sensor matrix based on optical and electrical dual-mode sensing,” Adv. Mater., vol. 29, no. 15, 2017.Google Scholar
Pu, X. et al., “Ultrastretchable, transparent triboelectric nanogenerator as electronic skin for biomechanical energy harvesting and tactile sensing,” Sci. Adv., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 111, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X. et al., “A highly stretchable transparent self-powered triboelectric tactile sensor with metallized nanofibers for wearable electronics,” Adv. Mater., vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 18, 2018.Google Scholar
Wang, Z. L., Chen, J., and Lin, L., “Progress in triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology and self-powered sensors,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 22502282, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramuz, M., Tee, B. C. K., Tok, J. B. H., and Bao, Z., “Transparent, optical, pressure-sensitive artificial skin for large-area stretchable electronics,” Adv. Mater., vol. 24, no. 24, pp. 32233227, 2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, C. et al., “User-interactive electronic skin for instantaneous pressure visualization,” Nat. Mater., vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 899904, 2013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Someya, T. et al., “Conformable, flexible, large-area networks of pressure and thermal sensors with organic transistor active matrixes,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 102, no. 35, pp. 1232112325, 2005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, D. et al., “Ultrasensitive mechanical crack-based sensor inspired by the spider sensory system,” Nature, vol. 516, no. 7530, pp. 222226, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, M. and Nicholls, H., “Review Article: Tactile sensing for mechatronics – a state of the art survey,” Mechatronics, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 131, 1999.Google Scholar
Dargahi, J. and Najarian, S., “Human tactile perception as a standard for artificial tactile sensing – a review.,” Int. J. Med. Robot., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2335, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navaraj, W. T. et al., “Nanowire FET based neural element for robotic tactile sensing skin,” Front. Neurosci., vol. 11, no. SEP, p. 501, 2017.Google Scholar
Johansson, R. S. and Vallbo, A. B., “Tactile sensibility in the human hand: relative and absolute densities of four types of mechanoreceptive units in glabrous skin.,” J. Physiol., vol. 286, no. 1, pp. 283300, 1979.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boniol, M., Verriest, J. P., Pedeux, R., and Doré, J. F., “Proportion of skin surface area of children and young adults from 2 to 18 years old,” J. Invest. Dermatol., vol. 128, no. 2, pp. 461464, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mancini, F. et al., “Whole-body mapping of spatial acuity for pain and touch,” Ann. Neurol., vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 917924, 2014.Google Scholar
Chortos, A., Liu, J., and Bao, Z., “Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin,” Nat. Mater., vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 937950, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackevicius, E. L., Best, M. D., Saal, H. P., and Bensmaia, S. J., “Millisecond precision spike timing shapes tactile perception,” J. Neurosci., vol. 32, no. 44, pp. 1530915317, 2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, R. S. and Birznieks, I., “First spikes in ensembles of human tactile afferents code complex spatial fingertip events,” Nat. Neurosci., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 170177, 2004.Google Scholar
Lee, W. W., Kukreja, S. L., and Thakor, N. V., “Discrimination of dynamic tactile contact by temporally precise event sensing in spiking neuromorphic networks,” Front. Neurosci., vol. 11, no. JAN, pp. 114, 2017.Google Scholar
Hu, X. and Yang, W., “Planar capacitive sensors - Designs and applications,” Sens. Rev., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 2439, 2010.Google Scholar
Yang, Y. J. et al., “An integrated flexible temperature and tactile sensing array using PI-copper films,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 46, no. 9–12, pp. 945956, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, W. Y., Fang, T. H., Yeh, S. H., and Lin, Y. C., “Flexible electronics sensors for tactile multi-touching,” Sensors, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 11881203, 2009.Google Scholar
Elastomers, D., “Product Selection Guide,” no. 3, pp. 14.Google Scholar
Enz, C. C. and Temes, G. C., “Circuit techniques for reducing the effects of op-amp imperfections: autozeroing, correlated double sampling, and chopper stabilization,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 15841614, 1996.Google Scholar
Park, M., Bok, B.-G., Ahn, J.-H., and Kim, M.-S., “Recent advances in tactile sensing technology,” Micromachines, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 321, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, R. S. and Flanagan, J. R., “Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks,” Nat. Rev. Neurosci., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 345359, 2009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Actuators, S., “Wire harness,” Assembly Magazine, 1981. [Online]. Available: www.assemblymag.com/articles/92263-wire-harness-recycling. [Accessed: 29-Aug-2018].Google Scholar
Dahiya, R. S., Metta, G., and VaIle, M., “Development of fingertip tactile sensing chips for humanoid robots,” IEEE 2009 Int. Conf. Mechatronics, ICM 2009, vol. 00, no. April, pp. 16, 2009.Google Scholar
Lee, W. W., Kukreja, S. L., and Thakor, N. V., “Live demonstration: A kilohertz kilotaxel tactile sensor array for investigating spatiotemporal features in neuromorphic touch,” in IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference: Engineering for Healthy Minds and Able Bodies, BioCAS 2015 - Proceedings, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takei, K. et al., “Nanowire active-matrix circuitry for low-voltage macroscale artificial skin,” Nat. Mater., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 821826, 2010.Google Scholar
Yeom, C., Chen, K., Kiriya, D., Yu, Z., Cho, G., and Javey, A., “Large-area compliant tactile sensors using printed carbon nanotube active-matrix backplanes,” Adv. Mater., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 15611566, 2015.Google Scholar
Zang, Y., Zhang, F., Huang, D., Gao, X., Di, C. A., and Zhu, D., “Flexible suspended gate organic thin-film transistors for ultra-sensitive pressure detection,” Nat. Commun., vol. 6, pp. 19, 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, W., Wen, X., and Wang, Z. L., “Taxel-addressable matrix of vertical-nanowire piezotronic transistors for active and adaptive tactile imaging,” Science (80–. )., vol. 340, no. 6135, pp. 952957, May 2013.Google Scholar
Barboni, L., Dahiya, R. S., Metta, G., and Valle, M., “Interface electronics design for POSFET devices based tactile sensing systems,” Proc. - IEEE Int. Work. Robot Hum. Interact. Commun., pp. 686690, 2010.Google Scholar
Sergio, M., Manaresi, N., Tartagni, M., Guerrieri, R., and Canegallo, R., “A textile based capacitive pressure sensor,” Proc. IEEE Sensors, vol. 2, pp. 1625–1630.Google Scholar
Walker, G., “Fundamentals of projected-capacitive touch technology,” Tech. Present., 2014.Google Scholar
PPS, “Industrial TactArray Sensors,” Sensors (Peterborough, NH), pp. 9004590045, 2000.Google Scholar
Vidal-Verdú, F. et al., “A large area tactile sensor patch based on commercial force sensors,” Sensors, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 54895507, 2011.Google Scholar
D’Alessio, T., “Measurement errors in the scanning of piezoresistive sensors arrays,” Sensors Actuators, A Phys., vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 7176, 1999.Google Scholar
Dahiya, R. S., Lorenzelli, L., Metta, G., and Valle, M., “POSFET devices based tactile sensing arrays,” ISCAS 2010-2010 IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst. Nano-Bio Circuit Fabr. Syst., pp. 893896, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulmen, J. and Cutkosky, M., “A robust, low-cost and low-noise artificial skin for human-friendly robots,” Proc. - IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom., pp. 48364841, 2010.Google Scholar
Cannata, G., Maggiali, M., Metta, G., and Sandini, G., “An embedded artificial skin for humanoid robots,” IEEE Int. Conf. Multisens. Fusion Integr. Intell. Syst., pp. 434438, 2008.Google Scholar
Bergner, F., Mittendorfer, P., Dean-Leon, E., and Cheng, G., “Event-based signaling for reducing required data rates and processing power in a large-scale artificial robotic skin,” IEEE Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst., vol. 2015December, pp. 21242129, 2015.Google Scholar
Makihata, M. et al., “A 1.7mm3 MEMS-on-CMOS tactile sensor using human-inspired autonomous common bus communication,” 2013 Transducers Eurosensors XXVII 17th Int. Conf. Solid-State Sensors, Actuators Microsystems, TRANSDUCERS EUROSENSORS 2013, no. June, pp. 27292732, 2013.Google Scholar
Asano, S., Muroyama, M., Nakayama, T., Hata, Y., Nonomura, Y., and Tanaka, S., “3-axis fully-integrated capacitive tactile sensor with flip-bonded CMOS on LTCC interposer,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 114, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shao, C. et al., “A tactile sensor network system using a multiple sensor platform with a dedicated CMOS-LSI for robot applications,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 1974, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartolozzi, C. et al., “Event-driven encoding of off-the-shelf tactile sensors for compression and latency optimisation for robotic skin,” IEEE Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst., vol. 2017–September, pp. 166173, 2017.Google Scholar
Afsar, Y., Moy, T., Brady, N., Wagner, S., Sturm, J. C., and Verma, N., “Large-scale acquisition of large-area sensors using an array of frequency-hopping ZnO thin-film-transistor oscillators,” Dig. Tech. Pap. - IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf., vol. 60, pp. 256257, 2017.Google Scholar
Afsar, Y., Moy, T., Brady, N., Wagner, S., Sturm, J. C., and Verma, N., “An architecture for large-area sensor acquisition using frequency-hopping ZnO TFT DCOs,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 297308, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallàs-Areny, R., Sensors and Signal Conditioning, 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, 2003.Google Scholar
Fraden, Jacob, Handbook of Modern Sensors: PHYSICS, DESIGNS, and APPLICATIONS, 3rd ed. Springer, 2004.Google Scholar
Kester, W., “High impedance sensors,” in Practical Design Techniques for Sensor Signal Conditioning, Analog Devices, 1999.Google Scholar
Barboni, L., Valle, M., and Carlini, G., “Smart readout design for tactile sensing devices,” 2011 18th IEEE Int. Conf. Electron. Circuits, Syst. ICECS 2011, pp. 476479, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kester, W., Bryant, J., Jung, W., Wurcer, S., and Kitchin, C., Sensor Signal Conditioning. 2004.Google Scholar
Seminara, L., Pinna, L., Capurro, M., and Valle, M., “A tactile sensing system based on arrays of piezoelectric polymer transducers,” in Smart Actuation and Sensing Systems – Recent Advances and Future Challenges, 2012, pp. 611638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Dowd, J., Callanan, A., Banarie, G., and Company-Bosch, E., “Capacitive sensor interfacing using sigma-delta techniques,” Proc. IEEE Sensors, vol. 2005, pp. 951954, 2005.Google Scholar
Ferrari, V., Ghidini, C., Marioli, D., and Taroni, A., “Oscillator-based signal conditioning for resistive sensors,” Conf. Rec. - IEEE Instrum. Meas. Technol. Conf., vol. 2, pp. 14901494, 1997.Google Scholar
Schreier, R. and Temes, G. C., Understanding Delta-Sigma Data Converters, 2nd ed. Wiley-IEEE Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Madaan, P. and Kaur, P., “Capacitive sensing made easy, Part 1: An introduction to different capacitive sensing technologies,” EE Times Name, no. April, pp. 18, 2012.Google Scholar
Martins, R., Lourenço, N., and Horta, N., Analog Integrated Circuit Design Automation, 1st ed. Wiley, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, J., Chen, N., Tucker, C., Liu, C., Kim, S. H., and Jones, D., “Flexible multimodal tactile sensing system for object identification,” Proc. IEEE Sensors, pp. 563566, 2006.Google Scholar
Da Silva, J. G., De Carvalho, A. A., and Da Silva, D. D., “A strain gauge tactile sensor for finger-mounted applications,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 1822, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Il Lee, J., Kim, M. G., Shikida, M., and Sato, K., “A table-shaped tactile sensor for detecting triaxial force on the basis of strain distribution,” Sensors (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1634716359, 2013.Google Scholar
Kester, W., “Chapter 2: Bridge Circuits,” in Practical Design Techniques for Sensor Signal Conditioning, Analog Devices, 1999.Google Scholar
Bin Yao, H. et al., “A flexible and highly pressure-sensitive graphene-polyurethane sponge based on fractured microstructure design,” Adv. Mater., vol. 25, no. 46, pp. 66926698, 2013.Google Scholar
Pang, C. et al., “A flexible and highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor using reversible interlocking of nanofibres,” Nat. Mater., vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 795801, 2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bae, G. Y. et al., “Linearly and highly pressure-sensitive electronic skin based on a bioinspired hierarchical structural array,” Adv. Mater., vol. 28, no. 26, pp. 53005306, 2016.Google Scholar
Chun, K. Y. et al., “Highly conductive, printable and stretchable composite films of carbon nanotubes and silver,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 853857, 2010.Google Scholar
Pang, Y. et al., “Flexible, highly sensitive, and wearable pressure and strain sensors with graphene porous network structure,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 8, no. 40, pp. 2645826462, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheng, L. et al., “Bubble-decorated honeycomb-like graphene film as ultrahigh sensitivity pressure sensors,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 25, no. 41, pp. 65456551, 2015.Google Scholar
Lee, S. et al., “A transparent bending-insensitive pressure sensor,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 472478, 2016.Google Scholar
Johnston, I. D., McCluskey, D. K., Tan, C. K. L., and Tracey, M. C., “Mechanical characterization of bulk Sylgard 184 for microfluidics and microengineering,” J. Micromechanics Microengineering, vol. 24, no. 3, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khanafer, K., Duprey, A., Schlicht, M., and Berguer, R., “Effects of strain rate, mixing ratio, and stress-strain definition on the mechanical behavior of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material as related to its biological applications,” Biomed. Microdevices, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 503508, 2009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palchesko, R. N., Zhang, L., Sun, Y., and Feinberg, A. W., “Development of polydimethylsiloxane substrates with tunable elastic modulus to study cell mechanobiology in muscle and nerve,” PLoS One, vol. 7, no. 12, 2012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, F., Fellner, T., Wilde, J., and Wallrabe, U., “Mechanical properties of silicones for MEMS,” J. Micromechanics Microengineering, vol. 18, no. 6, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, J. et al., “Tailoring force sensitivity and selectivity by microstructure engineering of multidirectional electronic skins,” NPG Asia Mater., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 163176, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tee, B. C. K., Chortos, A., Dunn, R. R., Schwartz, G., Eason, E., and Bao, Z., “Tunable flexible pressure sensors using microstructured elastomer geometries for intuitive electronics,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 24, no. 34, pp. 54275434, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pang, C. et al., “Highly skin-conformal microhairy sensor for pulse signal amplification,” Adv. Mater., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 634640, 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Su, B., Gong, S., Ma, Z., Yap, L. W., and Cheng, W., “Mimosa-inspired design of a flexible pressure sensor with touch sensitivity,” Small, vol. 11, no. 16, pp. 18861891, 2015.Google Scholar
Li, T. et al., “Flexible capacitive tactile sensor based on micropatterned dielectric layer,” Small, vol. 12, no. 36, pp. 50425048, 2016.Google Scholar
Yoon, S. G., Park, B. J., and Chang, S. T., “Highly sensitive piezocapacitive sensor for detecting static and dynamic pressure using ion-gel thin films and conductive elastomeric composites,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 9, no. 41, pp. 3620636219, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X., Gu, Y., Xiong, Z., Cui, Z., and Zhang, T., “Silk-molded flexible, ultrasensitive, and highly stable electronic skin for monitoring human physiological signals,” Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 13361342, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, H. et al., “Stretchable array of highly sensitive pressure sensors consisting of polyaniline nanofibers and Au-coated polydimethylsiloxane micropillars,” ACS Nano, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 99749985, 2015.Google Scholar
Pan, L. et al., “An ultra-sensitive resistive pressure sensor based on hollow-sphere microstructure induced elasticity in conducting polymer film,” Nat. Commun., vol. 5, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, S. et al., “Noncontact heartbeat and respiration monitoring based on a hollow microstructured self-powered pressure sensor,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 36603667, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shan, Z. W. et al., “Ultrahigh stress and strain in hierarchically structured hollow nanoparticles,” Nat. Mater., vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 947952, 2008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, D. et al., “Highly sensitive, flexible, and wearable pressure sensor based on a giant piezocapacitive effect of three-dimensional microporous elastomeric dielectric layer,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 8, no. 26, pp. 1692216931, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jung, S. et al., “Reverse-micelle-induced porous pressure-sensitive rubber for wearable human-machine interfaces,” Adv. Mater., vol. 26, no. 28, pp. 48254830, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamada, T. et al., “A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 296301, 2011.Google Scholar
Wang, B., Bao, S., Vinnikova, S., Ghanta, P., and Wang, S., “Buckling analysis in stretchable electronics,” npj Flex. Electron., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 5, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, Y. et al., “In-plane deformation mechanics for highly stretchable electronics,” Adv. Mater., vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 112, 2017.Google Scholar
Ma, Y., Feng, X., Rogers, J. A., Huang, Y., and Zhang, Y., “Design and application of ‘J-shaped’ stress-strain behavior in stretchable electronics: A review,” Lab Chip, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 16891704, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gupta, S., Navaraj, W. T., Lorenzelli, L., and Dahiya, R., “Ultra-thin chips for high-performance flexible electronics,” npj Flex. Electron., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 8, 2018.Google Scholar
Bossuyt, F., Vervust, T., and Vanfleteren, J., “Stretchable electronics technology for large area applications: Fabrication and mechanical characterization,” IEEE Trans. Components, Packag. Manuf. Technol., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 229235, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sekitani, T. and Someya, T., “Stretchable organic integrated circuits for large-area electronic skin surfaces,” MRS Bull., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 236245, 2012.Google Scholar
Noh, J. S., “Conductive elastomers for stretchable electronics, sensors and energy harvesters,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 8, no. 4, 2016.Google Scholar
Wei, Y., Chen, S., Yuan, X., Wang, P., and Liu, L., “Multiscale wrinkled microstructures for piezoresistive fibers,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 26, no. 28, pp. 50785085, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X. et al., “Development of a flexible and stretchable tactile sensor array with two different structures for robotic hand application,” RSC Adv., vol. 7, no. 76, pp. 4846148465, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qi, D. et al., “Highly stretchable gold nanobelts with sinusoidal structures for recording electrocorticograms,” Adv. Mater., vol. 27, no. 20, pp. 31453151, 2015.Google Scholar
Choi, T. Y. et al., “Stretchable, transparent, and stretch-unresponsive capacitive touch sensor array with selectively patterned silver nanowires/reduced graphene oxide electrodes,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 9, no. 21, pp. 1802218030, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, S. et al., “Assembly of micro/nanomaterials into complex, three-dimensional architectures by compressive buckling,” Science (80–. )., vol. 347, no. 6218, pp. 154159, 2015.Google Scholar
Fan, J. A. et al., “Fractal design concepts for stretchable electronics,” Nat. Commun., vol. 5, pp. 18, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paik, J. K., Kramer, R. K., and Wood, R. J., “Stretchable circuits and sensors for robotic origami,” IEEE Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst., no. Sept, pp. 414420, 2011.Google Scholar
Rogers, J., Huang, Y., Schmidt, O. G., and Gracias, D. H., “Origami MEMS and NEMS,” MRS Bull., vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 123129, 2016.Google Scholar
Xu, L., Shyu, T. C., and Kotov, N. A., “Origami and kirigami nanocomposites,” ACS Nano, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 75877599, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, D. S., Tien, J., and Chen, C. S., “High-conductivity elastomeric electronics,” Adv. Mater., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 393397, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vosgueritchian, M., Lipomi, D. J., and Bao, Z., “Highly conductive and transparent PEDOT:PSS films with a fluorosurfactant for stretchable and flexible transparent electrodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 421428, 2012.Google Scholar
Kim, D.-H. et al., “Epidermal electronics,” Science (80–. )., vol. 333, no. 6044, pp. 838–843 LP-843, Aug. 2011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X., Hu, H., Shen, Y., Zhou, X., and Zheng, Z., “Stretchable conductors with ultrahigh tensile strain and stable metallic conductance enabled by prestrained polyelectrolyte nanoplatforms,” Adv. Mater., vol. 23, no. 27, pp. 30903094, 2011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, F. and Zhu, Y., “Highly conductive and stretchable silver nanowire conductors,” Adv. Mater., vol. 24, no. 37, pp. 51175122, 2012.Google Scholar
Zhu, Y., Xu, F., Wang, X., and Zhu, Y., “Wavy ribbons of carbon nanotubes for stretchable conductors,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 12791283, 2012.Google Scholar
Wang, Y. et al., “A highly stretchable, transparent, and conductive polymer,” Sci. Adv., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 111, 2017.Google Scholar
Darabi, M. A. et al., “Correction to: Skin-inspired multifunctional autonomic-intrinsic conductive self-healing hydrogels with pressure sensitivity, stretchability, and 3D printability (Advanced Materials, (2017), 29, 31, (1700533), 10.1002/adma.201700533),” Adv. Mater., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 18, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, T. et al., “A self-healable, highly stretchable, and solution processable conductive polymer composite for ultrasensitive strain and pressure sensing,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 112, 2018.Google Scholar
Li, J. et al., “Healable capacitive touch screen sensors based on transparent composite electrodes comprising silver nanowires and a furan/maleimide diels-Alder cycloaddition polymer,” ACS Nano, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1287412882, 2014.Google Scholar
Jin, H., Huynh, T. P., and Haick, H., “Self-healable sensors based nanoparticles for detecting physiological markers via skin and breath: toward disease prevention via wearable devices,” Nano Lett., vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 41944202, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huynh, T. P. and Haick, H., “Self-healing, fully functional, and multiparametric flexible sensing platform,” Adv. Mater., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 138143, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, D. Y., Meure, S., and Solomon, D., “Self-healing polymeric materials: A review of recent developments,” Prog. Polym. Sci., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 479522, 2008.Google Scholar
Hager, M. D., Greil, P., Leyens, C., Van Der Zwaag, S., and Schubert, U. S., “Self-healing materials,” Adv. Mater., vol. 22, no. 47, pp. 54245430, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Q., Liu, L., Pan, C., and Li, D., “Review of recent achievements in self-healing conductive materials and their applications,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 2746, 2018.Google Scholar
Tan, Y. J., Wu, J., Li, H., and Tee, B. C. K., “Self-healing electronic materials for a smart and sustainable future,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 10, no. 18, pp. 1533115345, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tee, B. C. K. and Ouyang, J., “Soft electronically functional polymeric composite materials for a flexible and stretchable digital future,” Adv. Mater., vol. 30, no. 47, p. 1802560.Google Scholar
Chen, X. et al., “A thermally re-mendable cross-linked polymeric material,” Science (80–. )., vol. 295, no. 5560, pp. 16981702, 2002.Google Scholar
Skene, W. G. and Lehn, J.-M. P., “Dynamers: Polyacylhydrazone reversible covalent polymers, component exchange, and constitutional diversity,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 101, no. 22, pp. 82708275, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghosh, B. and Urban, M. W., “Self-repairing oxetane-substituted chitosan polyurethane networks,” Science (80–. )., vol. 323, no. MARCH, pp. 14581459, 2009.Google Scholar
Cordier, P., Tournilhac, F., Soulié-Ziakovic, C., and Leibler, L., “Self-healing and thermoreversible rubber from supramolecular assembly,” Nature, vol. 451, no. 7181, pp. 977980, Feb. 2008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, Y., Kushner, A. M., Williams, G. A., and Guan, Z., “Multiphase design of autonomic self-healing thermoplastic elastomers,” Nat. Chem., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 467472, 2012.Google Scholar
Wang, C. et al., “A rapid and efficient self-healing thermo-reversible elastomer crosslinked with graphene oxide,” Adv. Mater., vol. 25, no. 40, pp. 57855790, 2013.Google Scholar
Holten-Andersen, N., Harrington, M., Birkedal, H., et al. “pH-induced metal-ligand cross-links inspired by mussel yield self-healing polymer networks with near-covalent elastic moduli”. PNAS, vol. 108, no. 7, pp. 2651–2655, 2011.Google Scholar
Burnworth, M., Tang, L., Kumpfer, J., et al. “Optically healable supramolecular polymers”. Nature, vol. 472, no. 7343, pp. 334337, 2011.Google Scholar
Nakahata, M., Takashima, Y., Yamaguchi, H., and Harada, A., “Redox-responsive self-healing materials formed from host-guest polymers,” Nat. Commun., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 511516, 2011.Google Scholar
Tuncaboylu, D. C., Argun, A., Sahin, M., Sari, M., and Okay, O., “Structure optimization of self-healing hydrogels formed via hydrophobic interactions,” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 53, no. 24, pp. 55135522, Nov. 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulyuz, U. and Okay, O., “Self-healing poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels with shape memory behavior of high mechanical strength,” Macromolecules, vol. 47, no. 19, pp. 68896899, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Q. et al., “High-water-content mouldable hydrogels by mixing clay and a dendritic molecular binder,” Nature, vol. 463, no. 7279, pp. 339343, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haraguchi, K., “Stimuli-responsive nanocomposite gels,” Colloid Polym. Sci., vol. 289, no. 5–6, pp. 455473, 2011.Google Scholar
Sun, J. Y. et al., “Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels,” Nature, vol. 489, no. 7414, pp. 133136, 2012.Google Scholar
Sun, T. L. et al., “Physical hydrogels composed of polyampholytes demonstrate high toughness and viscoelasticity,” Nat. Mater., vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 932937, 2013.Google Scholar
Miyamoto, A. et al., “Inflammation-free, gas-permeable, lightweight, stretchable on-skin electronics with nanomeshes,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 907913, 2017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, S. et al., “Highly conductive, stretchable and biocompatible Ag–Au core–sheath nanowire composite for wearable and implantable bioelectronics,” Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 10481056, 2018.Google Scholar
An, B. W., Heo, S., Ji, S., Bien, F., and Park, J. U., “Transparent and flexible fingerprint sensor array with multiplexed detection of tactile pressure and skin temperature,” Nat. Commun., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 110, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shi, Y. et al., “Electronic synapses made of layered two-dimensional materials,” Nat. Electron., vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 458465, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Burgt, Y., Melianas, A., Keene, S. T., Malliaras, G., and Salleo, A., “Organic electronics for neuromorphic computing,” Nat. Electron., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 386397, 2018.Google Scholar
Bartolozzi, C. et al., “Neuromorphic Systems,” Wiley Encycl. Electr. Electron. Eng., pp. 122, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, L. Y. et al., “Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care,” Nat. Commun., vol. 5, pp. 110, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, S. et al., “Battery-free, wireless sensors for full-body pressure and temperature mapping,” Sci. Transl. Med., vol. 10, no. 435, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussain, A. M., Ghaffar, F. A., Park, S. I., Rogers, J. A., Shamim, A., and Hussain, M. M., “Metal/Polymer based stretchable antenna for constant frequency far-field communication in wearable electronics,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 25, no. 42, pp. 65656575, 2015.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

An Atlas for Large-Area Electronic Skins
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

An Atlas for Large-Area Electronic Skins
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

An Atlas for Large-Area Electronic Skins
Available formats
×