18 - Motivations

Summary

Keywords: The steady-state theory of Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle of the late 1940s was very much alive at the time of the CMB discovery, and the discovery prompted new variants and reformulations. The chapter argues that the theory was motivated by the fear of the untenable changing of physical laws that the evolving universe enabled. This fear resulted in adherence to a “perfect cosmological principle” ensuring the homogeneity and isotropy of the universe at all times. Bondi and Gold’s version was a theoretical framework within Newtonian universes, while Hoyle’s was developed within the General Theory of Relativity without cosmic constant while introducing a universal scalar for (constant) creation of matter. The theory faced observational obstacles (especially with the newly discovered quasars), and thus required reworking. Reworking continued after the 1965 discovery of the CMB. Other radical unorthodoxies like plasma cosmologies and the closed stationary state cosmological model were not as original, but they too have a place – they ensure we understand that current rebels against allegedly outlandish inflationary cosmology had earlier counterparts.